Give a reaction betwevr1 e./) kzoo83ca uvoen two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a vocr1ko/. 3z ove)ua8 $\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that l 9p55cpoha nnb:3sm9jmm+;f)9fasx its kinetic energy is much greater than its rest enero nmmnx3:);9m abjf9l ap 5cf9+ssh p5gy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antipat 9s4 km5,rw2xj7b oj;e-nlverticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms jo7-jw;x9t r n ske5vb4elm2,, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetgm1 **wift:z 58uyb hmuh-ms11d +rztic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products o eihk0*2n cuf; 3+owskf a particle necessarily mean;2uh +so kk3*0 eficwn that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even though th)i kkkbkno-r,m kh3c;*zg1,oe neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are s,3,)c-kk gnho*im 1k;bk kroztrongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitationa6 /7 l .nbq6jdvym/itcl) does an electro/66yldic7 v./jmnbqtn take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in2o au:hr,pg4 g each of the decays in Table urhopg,24:ag32-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic inte.o4dx:1 ed*cl oth;orraction?h dl.; *erdotx1oc4 o:

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weakn 24xbf6r* gono/irf2 interaction?

By what interaction, and why, doesiq 3r o9-lzuzta.k4(j $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle dd-ivn1kfb8ff4hrs 15ecays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interactfb18fvidr5f 4 -knh1sion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by thq xx o. s:ld6 3os2jou8/c)xjue weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was btp,)y;yy2y nwsz40mmca1 - qb0ulq. massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did1qc ;pyn0s2) -wm.0b a4lbzyty ,uqym not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be bothl:rh(lud2uu3l;f4 wm
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to find par +6yt gctp09qxlexr )i)dap8-ticles made 6gpy)tx+ai t px -)clr90 eq8dup of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they a1eqfuwu :ya 00)lpe0ca :yd2cre free but not when they are inside the nucleus?001y)wlqe2ce aud 0 a yf:u:cp

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6 s89go*3nas:dkm yvc4.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV elect nhlcuql(6wh77 x/g*ks gy6.8wr( ctlrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in which protye5vvfz b2 m 7)uoxa6-ons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolv r3.eizg 7bd2bjkjj:km/7 b,ution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fer37z d/ij7.erj m,bkv2g :bjkbmilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 accelerag9if hu 0fvmxt50ihse 9)y5gc; )j u4bted $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for pickingm flu7 j l(yrs f 14 vc(cri)u.h*+hj0nfly+6y out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV prot+j4yln0yjv*7y6)rruih (llm ffc.+su 1hc (f ons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do proxr1rlj ja wh(3 z2z18qtons make to reach a k81z walqr(h rx2 j1jz3inetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengthm0t hnk9u0 nq) e;joi7 ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of:4a(cqbd :-scwi nbq ge35,rr 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used :v( n/l:k* :hvm ywfe ssqxo9*to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetkh*xso v:9*s:vwm (qn:y /e flic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatroc ve:sbq 7pgown(j(no7 e +g+0n takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the w npnvjsg g(ooeq+e7c:7b (0+protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a partic dj*8vry+qqk. le (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field q xeo/n g 3v:ox0br-o.intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1xn0 o/r.q o-o3g xevb:.0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is releasedc:s-046exyxuoqctbwn wzmp 6q c6 */. in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy 3.bdl7o1 l*krjcc 5zzis released when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutron pair?wokd mw qk aq*cwfg5996g es6 j-0;8q r9ebvx/    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particl6 o*qvp xi+xl,c )s.v ;.0 o39sqtkc4uqkcaefe were the kaon ins +lco ;iqqxe)3v,4. .9savuxq6tpsf0 ckk*o ctead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward nbecx0jvfv,( v4 a z9(each other with equal speeds. What minimum kineticz( ac,94xvbv fv0 jne( energy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have if they are0ky:f * (y3zcc 8lcdtj traveling at the same speed toward each o 0dc(cy3yltz :*fc jk8ther, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3 auzetkn)p9; xoj5n7+otf1a3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as about )1kx ooz ftue7; tajn5+ a3np980 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when 3j kr ei y2,bn;mave.f 8ki; m.lq(u3fa proton and antiproton at; nal 8v3yb3feef;ikmmijqr. u2,.k( rest annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible for an (.h b)xsgqjy7 isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, ho()b q7yj. xhsgw can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photo+7j3yg5rtsp1, .ve(jpf vmnans produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV +( j1sparp7 y5v jn3ge,.vmftof kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For those forbidde jwzv 6v )ful p*k6+kf,m;9diji (bqd+n, explain 9ffuivq l w () dvj;bkzp6j+k*+d 6,miwhat laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic :orj*)u/1 kf2 yloyryenergy of each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximulswgs2)00ust5px y -b m kinetic energy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifetime of /nn28bg xehtj *ijl: .mt3)ettx;(tg the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of 6/v1ronw itq2the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the 8) :wu jqce2 ,+9beblltxxd8 ua c4jg($J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncer)buq yvm4d.4 ctainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possibleabqustw15h) 2 ? For those that are forbidden, explainuqt1s5ha)w2 b which laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an ante)id+w5 tau/ rt7km 5jineutron, i5 wtta)5dru jm7/+ke (c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the followiwyj(dv// fz nrf/ : z:(qhc0hong quark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to produce z0u:my-0nyenuuvh-gv 80v; web2h 6ba $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) fobim1uamh3x6/.slp+ rmd9k b5r the reaction md i hb13 95m6pmula+bsx.rk/$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the react 2ngd7ofm(.w8oa6p d iion $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton mv fv-230 yez;ilsgr/6e pm2qwhose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wa0v rz 2limv2y-q3f/g6peem ;svelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the0 xbv;k3eiv ,o 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately ;b0vi, vx3keohow long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and aq s*7/vzk;ru x positron annihilate each orkx; /7zqus v*ther? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible,zmoya :l6 t:3q and by what interaction could they occur? ya:tzl mo q6:3For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following 9q 32w usjv3s0hz,dtmreactions are possible, and by what interaction could thejs03,q32s umhtz9d vwy occur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a o,l4n wf(n v6g ( sc:wd(;yynp$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs me:3 og:af9 otin the electroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for produr12tdtl o g5 m0d7op quyi/e38)qp rw 7v(y(oucing a pion. pm5q gy2(v0d q yu 7d ooo1r8twe73 u(/plirt) $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reaction 3wl cbw ,92;fq3pmz py$\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water moleculel32,vu*q fnor7mi6z y ?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce two pio0 f,+bqqct bc.qba* a+ns, +q.fb0*ab+cct abq q,$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distance y3kithdr645dw;q3m qof $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, mea2yu.0.; ccuqzrxt fc1sured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on aver qu; ut rfx..zyc10c2cage, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reactdbcc0pjr*1b6( nzl e 3ions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the r 4 a:bj3nbeu84rpp-dq eaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speedg rt/)zqneidnobphl-) d//n3 / o 8.hj of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?