Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, tb6 nz9zi4) n3:ib7.xmwb cwu rhat could produce a 7bmzzinxi. 6crb39un w4 )b:w$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is mu +qpz l 7./camtmkh/,kaq, mn4ch greater than its h.a+,mk lna qz 4mkqp,/c7 mt/rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the constituentsofny( 9h ew bj4(p4ko( of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our norm4( b9k w ehj(f(no4poyal world of matter?

What particle in a d 6vc9pzzym(.ox a ux 3fhl0:mhn73jc:ecay signals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay pr4rrjzhr bzr yl97vr f .v38g6,oducts of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction?b vrf7r ,rh4lrvzj y689grz3. Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neut, (pwwqiy8;q* 2+ pkoqpu/cjlron decays via the weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are strongly inte2cw8 +jpy upip/ ;wq( qloqk,*racting?

Which of the four interactions (str, rn 8 qej)ur5fclg4 15y;pnoyong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electr14 8rpqulcn efgy5r ,yo) ;n5jon take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and 74 vuvly+c7dea2ke*yooq5kzmu:h*t 6c z(* zbaryon number are conserved in each of the decays in Table 32-2+72yo c 6q*l: u*zeeovy a( c5*vk4khztzud7m .

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagne eol9* o 2)b,zvctm miv0,v9estic interactionzli 9,bvsev),*c o2v em90tmo ?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur g qw )e9vvwa;;by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and wh*fwfwprtf1i l)/w 07qxso( y1y, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic ing86k*wy(* 9ctb u qur:-j yneg8m1mcbteractigjwkcum c*8b * 91(y:gbytq ur-em68non?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak inter8ox1ym +xf-lwsdr d,r jp i .5f;frs- 7at9h(taction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinoleh ac :vrj1btgvj2of/l1/8 6,rlr nr:et" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exis,e1gv jrl oj 1atn rfrhc826//lbv :r:ts?

  Is it possible for a pa1er aqfhh.kgla* x*/1 rticle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to find pc3r3 h8 ut8fiaarticles made up of two quarkstfc38i8 haur 3 and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they, 8 yhx,4cn)y kx:baku are free but not when they are inside the nucleu:8yk4 ax, k)yncu,bxh s?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whosrrv 0p :a7cjoa.4s2 bbm)gb/ke kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavele2jl0i0zb g,5kcimlba o-*y3ungth of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a:/y q3j+bhm 2xn wju/x cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revo2p:6n lw3;w 4ytbinxu;t x ob2lution for a very high-energy proton in the ;3wt;bpn2nb6 :x owlx2y t 4iu1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 ac -l t-le5qfhw1celerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha pl(io:w4jp rk,/w,ap y./me fiarticles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nukp. fiarjo/ iepy4,/( wl,m w:cleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How manvc0e:zmmbvl ukh,gf+0i tg19 x;oh., y revolutions do protons make to reach a kineti c9v. bzukmgex :;ioth0 l0+hgv 1f,m,c energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengthdo.(-c iex6 (o9 nstbh ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons (x4 m4 ug:b5fpb$^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be urajr wg; dwnm..w/- rayu9vqe 9 .w,8hsed to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. Whaqrrv;ymnwur9d,eg. .aw8. a9- w/j hwt magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds4uonq u:(zi jrp/1n4j3xxb 9n/,xxc o to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that3nr /x( ux :bpociunjj q,ox1x44 nz/9 the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy otr2u q)1u ufl5f a particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-j (fr-x eu5byaiu ,x0 f4fvm;(km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV pro fx4juir(,u5 xvyae-fmb( f0 ;tons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the dec8y tio l qz/fm;i6j0z9ay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released wheqh3,;gxk wc.q 19 iczbn a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required w .o;6shrcib,to produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if t,1 pw8hrwirslspqb 9 8 sks3gj72t, 7jhe mediating particle were the kaon insp7rp 7h j9t3 ,ik18g rs b8s2jswsl,qwtead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. Wq q5sl m1vhi4+hat minimum kinetic energy mulshiq+4mv5 q 1st each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic enerkt 1ev.yarf2)n hu (e3gy must two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same spee a e2()fkn.3e1 yrtvhud toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the t 2fuhwd*zg9zztd 9lh)px7023 jtq1zmasses of the W and Z particlesp02zh3d *g7dzjtzw t 1zfx )9l2tqu9h as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelen )p8ocg wdx05p6 qh6lrgths of the two photons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest annihilate?8lc560r)q xohg6 pwdp $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that/j 4lf*enx,1(8jm9poqr i k bb it is impossible for an isolated elect(be8,*/9jnpj i o1qlxb k4mrfron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengthsv g12kr)kv( lx of the two photons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of)2vv (lx1kkgr kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For those forby /hypsol -(8 /o+svwpphy.h8 idden, explain what laws are viol yo.(lv+p/8hhspy8-wso/ h pyated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of d,+kz - bov8j.c fgb9m)i:n mneach of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron*p1taf0hlreiu +t13l in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimatcj o)1whlf46v .: yyza0 u/uhne the energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ops9nvs1r bnz 1.z5i.ig3t2ps f the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ofk4jcx + :mfs7z the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or unce2 a.cs aeqt64ertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the followingx ;po(d2z s8vbssc1 r ;a1bws5 decays are possible? For those that are forbidden, explain which 18b xss;(vpaw2r15szs o;dc b laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a)mborko 8mn1xm5)gu fc*;oci+r;. u3k.c gi 8f a neutron, (b) an antineutron, kkum;gco n8o u ..i5ro+x1gmifrc f;)m*b3c8(c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations produce: );vzl e7f. nnaif-vy .(a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark coi,-2. ogft tnd9bsa l/mbination needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diad5 psc9 g)/qdmgram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction g9 /qpd5)d msc$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram fo234p.vvzr +kd f wqj+ar the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 2af,( / tahjbh75 GeV? What is itshj/tb(h a a7,f wavelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected intoq0doaus6 r8 5 qq2kx/p the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.2qa5/xq oqspdr u08 k60 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron annihilate each n - dyj-n9i0ljoth- -y j0iln9jdner? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction coujesz83tkgenny2+dx4 jx 73 6uld they occur? For thdtn8xyj 33eu47 x zs+6ek n2gjose forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possibijch82 / hpribo;z39/+ tht;uk,qnc ple, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forh qojpin9ut;hc // ,8b2+3; ipchzk rtbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a k1wtk 7 q2inz)$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking oc/ryq69lc(d x acurs in the electroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reao,i0p4u1z5w o suf( gzctions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. 0i s4(wo g5pzu,1 zfuo$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for 7+g5g1ft4sug(pah zf the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water moleculet5-i :slyj ,xq?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton anni6 u)q5. gy (jr9 kkawt9mesm8khilate each other at rest and produce two pions, .6yrwmmqgs)5( a9 ke k9ujtk8$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unifi /yxe4oypt87 .lvgc) wcation distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured ie- xp3bzib + x)0cj(snc8n:w:fk6nyp n a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions?pc ic e6wbzb)0kf(:s8p n3:-jn+yx n x $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reaction u5i (ityy*t/z8:biohs.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model tohu q-7mr.ss+nj wilw9h9 d t55 describe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of light5hnw1 i ; e*1h,ma-mdvy-vxh9vg d7rr4bl o p0 $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?