Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, thd- iy27 cuayb8at could produce a -cyyid bu7a82$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that itoz4y84 y gw3.y f2 ofk;s3qtbqs kinetic energy is much greater than its . o8s q t3zq2y b4f3yykgw;fo4rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the constituentkpm domqs 2sb( -t:qi:c tn7/( rf.e/is of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, mades.o:ftmti/q/bsrc(idp7 q n (- ek2m: of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electrom9x5pcya e5s ;y/1nn,dlur e/pagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a . 3 uq6dqv7h9+dstgxlparticle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? xqh 3t u+69vd7qgd s.lDo all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even though the neuy+xndj/m;wk -qg 1 z un4b+)jxtron and one of its decay products (proton) are sxb/jjmk -n4w ) yg1q;uzxnd++trongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak,o7*iwjg p pbn,b78sc 8 gravitational) does an elec7pic bowg j8n,7b*sp8 tron take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are c**:d qh de:snr. tt)tfonserved in each of the decays in Table 32-st):.*f tnrteddh*:q 2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic h*yhhh8 +t9 wcse+ ux.interaction?+x.+9h*h tuhswey8c h

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur bywj-n (m*c 5mmv the weak interaction?

By what interaction, av 3v7 tzhs2st-nd why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in T ia;twb6h l)g3able 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interaction6h3awt ) lgb;i?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur4ixyl8 t)l /si by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that wauo14/pv1n sqis massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the wq 4 p/11oiunvseak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be+vjth1n )xxy.q kt9(o both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to find parti .e 6p4m37qh c(patrrkcles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What abou47cae(6 mrh3 pptk.qrt two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they are in l 11--nb:uucwyrta8:ksz m1 gside the nucleusrsg zya1 m1 n-c-w:ut:8l1ub k?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton 39mqja;w2:h fb6 gc gdwhose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelengtm h; jou7ozaim0 **xlje13 9;oh4declh of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in which protons m6hel kys m2pd t8sc5-5ake $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a vef: in9nb8t ii2ry high-energy proton in th 8ti2fin9i b:ne 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example xf- w2xurywi qt,,67t 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picp0odglcch 1t.p;*vcoi ioybj.) 2** dking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a n2p1)tc.*pvyicj* odb*0; dcoihlg.oucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolution ma5obw,w6qgqa( kf)d2g,s,, e)hs m rs do protons make to rea q,ef) ,,rb wsqw, )ogd h(sm6akmg25ach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengthw/eg) erc lt20 otel*8 ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is t5ip 5xayyy.k 4o accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house thfy7+n)dkuopfm g3a)+ 3 vxw 6ne magnets for the Large Hadr) anmv 3 3+ nwxuk)ogf76+ypfdon Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatv )9n4:ct :dyvuowe.q.xtc6 (oau h9u 0iv+ vfron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energ)y qvohdatv:xe4.u ov0ut (uvwn9 6c 9i:. cf+y given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy oo8-oh bf5de0n5y;lr c f a particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field e1;6 -pjxe46py :s/n ukry u0.xu uoglintensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1. x0 /uu6jy:xeek r4yun lg1-6uspop; .0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released 0gz t6sk7v /0arwvc9dq oc:c0q 2hzt4 in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is rel0u uo,eipgx9zm5vt9 ;i+ u,o eeased when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a +r 3sshr:z+9 e-ai f6uj5jb mhlmhd8)neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if tqt 3pqs7 fsx,;he mediating particle were the kaon instead 7;pq3tsxq ,fs of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. What minimum kine++e rn ix;s+) l(iujdxtic )xu +d;x(s ijeil+nr+ energy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have if *lqu v .zc+vm:)-jc zethey are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collidelvu v*jm.)+ :qcz- cez, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force usinq- ,oqwo*4 hy/s- h5l jok0 k9qt6bjw. jhw8wmg Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as about 80 t4 -o6.895wjh tjk,/w0h qoq-mkjl qb wowsy*ho $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a proton and antip,kk07yvmk4jwa6jq( 6gy oc. pc+r e c2roton atke7j cjo k6pc+g62c.,yymkarq(0v4w rest annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible for an isolatedsmp; un5.(ds2o zlat) electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the phosznps 5ao2. )ld (um;tton exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electro2vs; zal gzz1*n and a p1ga2s;* lz vzzositron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For those forbidden/wcid;qa2.uf rgx:9) fs. pgz , explain what laws ac :sff u; p 2z/r.g.ag9q)diwxre violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic; (qg;vk5s mvhud3 s2(ub0 tcl energy of each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electr 78mqnve,a59,jvb zhion in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and thvbj8okm-)im; en the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width od 8 2eg nr5gy85qenue0f the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of tazy his- t;ix ;es1q57 i7v*mse*ifv:he $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy wq(alwsq5qaxjh.0 z )in/4c.s6 fb+csidth (or uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that arjsew)ppg )qp- 0igc 69e forbidden, explains)w6pg )-c0ij9gpqep which laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that c0 n.,x qpul5lfu1jdocxon4h.0cv b 4* an form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) nx4cxqu c0, fvl * l.np4.johuo 51db0a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinat1y7qz*n o*i8 sb5:bpv;jgt lu ions produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combina ju.ly *4m;g2 q pq(hsr1xjcr*tion needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) fh3p tm2i) d5g4z j9vl./5jhrj)vbaqby /,ygzor the reaction d bhz.ig3brajq 9)v v ytl)5 h52/4yjgz/pm,j $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reactiont x3 *qtua8bsvz,a;0 amszzoyx 3,0b, $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton 3e pm1.ruviak+v3e )2 xr-xc1/m sz nkwhose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelengt3k-ze 1un.rea2piv1 v3x /kcx+s)m mrh?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Teva l4hsn mq gr4g:j/-*m kjtq(s0tron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are acceqjtk4mlj* : gss( m0h/4n rqg-lerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron a/shif ez25rtmp,r-n. yla :0q-hklmf i8h- j,nd a positron annihilate each other5lz -th-.f-ij/pir r,a h yf h28ql:0emmk, ns? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possz fey-vx7fx h0s-v6 -a/e7aqyible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain why. es7-qay 0v- -xh/7yf6zae vxf
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions a+h1hd9+ i;(7lc,hy+n9se nkzkostel re possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden,,l d9ho +szh1(ytk;ees9hnnc +k+ il7 explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for an+1 jah ffi1sl*gg gg8cln* 6vev00/o $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at)mgd v6 le0qh0 about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. wb cg,0vdp)n of8 yamk/aa tgu40 *f-)32-4, for producing a pion. p-cu gn0/ d8 w4*ab)0oak),fgym vtfa $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for thejw s2oj( rfwk1hc(1; q reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental ferbueyev/v(rc3 ey *2b8qi* rg7mions are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton anny6 9e7m7q(v8qyf(h xm evln5zrh3im0ihilate each other at rest and produce two pions, xr(7mfnylh9vzeq3 5i0 ve8(67mqy mh$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unificaq9vdmgts s-d;p) 33td tion distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are y42f.g/.jryse fw: 4gribjk7in terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, igw7. 2 eik 4/b4:syffyj j.rrggnoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the followpi oxvj 1 ;nr4h :bim502f9haoing reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the re6o 0uwql/ce2i /b 0iyd7 *znfyaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speelp,nh np:a xr() ce(z7d of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?