Give a reaction between two nucleo5 ;2ozjy d 1;c6qez 3wu:nxpftns, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a dx 3; e2p;56fzt noyqcwj:uz1$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at vet6 1tsx6c a,dxry high speed, so that its kinetic energy is much greate s 1,tdx6txac6r than its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made- /;fuiufxzv ( up of the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if anfx;u( z/i- fuvtimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay l:i5naxe,h 5r,kpo o-vkop:us u 7f: 0signals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a particznl 88qac9yis-8 -q1 ; g9mhpowzvd7ole necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via tld;79qgwa oy 1m8 so88zh-q cinz9vp-he weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even though the neutron0 (qqil,s2 gki and one of its decay products (proton) are ss(0 2 k,qgilqitrongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, we1 lb7txj pw51kjuf+3 oak, gravitational) does an electron take part ik3ofp t 7jbux5w+1lj1 n? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of the decays ;4/euc0(vk natnvyt/in Table 32-2.0nk;vu tv4/ (nc a/yet

Which of the particle decayrmkees4y1d+66ajyz +m r ckc9q, 1g ;qs in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interactijg6ryqse4c6mzrq, ky+; c +kea1 19dmon?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occuh+ou*s 6 n.i+la/gjpz(ao:c y r by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and whyzr)0p/ztb u/u, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the ey .bc2p; 0mpw)pxdz x+lectromagnetic interaction?cx2py0xwmpd) +z ;.bp

Which of the particle decays in Table x clik a6/;zg832-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no coloy(g4s1p +/tcj v.l. cv6ewxner charge or electrical charge, and did not fec6sx +.cv.1vej4pgn l(wt/y eel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particlemo6a:qgek2q g u mda/r,sw4. 0 to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chrd;5a rr+pcux8 omodynamics, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two rxp58da; r+c uquarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they are inside the * 5o3 5n1fnj*immbvu*dsfln7nucleusn1 o*35d*fuv 5mjmils bnf7*n ?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total enbrs.fd86 8 nptsd /*au1xa nd+ergy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electrons. 2(7wiru(wdgu,5mi4ao bfw h9 E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cycis mbcel.w5b5 8ym-w; lotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for otrnjc37n 5xw31 oal5f ne complete revolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? T = 5oa3fl5xnwjt7r1 3nc     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Et 5e27 8ddjc1v8vndtu(xj+ p+x ri dd.-gr jv(xample 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out detjoo uf5m,z1duo5 y;3k ails of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles oryfo5uojd 35 k; z1uo,m 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revocbd46*ogosh9(tr x9 r lutions do protons make to reach a kih96s(xr4rcbt * g9do onetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength (2 edzp)m0zi5 e$\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius oo6 j*j.fjkua 5f 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to hous+ 4u iist8d.bmk3tow h6f:7qul gn),xe the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetib6h8 il m ox3)tu 4qtusng :+i7,kdw.fc field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevat3xfcc 2p(hvu;e hir8(ron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the enhpi ucxvr(38(hec;2f ergy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of ab9ild(:exb /e particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at tv 6 f f2e.udu6o5umj-ee a+(6kj4afs bhe 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV proto6kfj6uu6feeo5 2db.as+ju f(- v4ame ns? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the decao mmgs:nz8x bmb19xcng /;1 s/y $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is releasedim.8l) w f:f8 u7s7.ja qtvqqb when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutrk a+lkm,.9lmwon pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle 6anv)w2faf.eg +l(d gwere the kaon instead of theg6wf ave)ag .l(d f+n2 pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. What minimum kinj ws6 zrak1(xo-ooosp 5h4y. :etic energy must each have if kwjrpo-z. 4aoh 51(y:osso6 xa $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutron12n3 iaani+d vmln8omu t7s3; s each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and produce a 73tl+mn2 vinada8n u3 io; 1sm$\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the webzwiwtqlj,y2 p9 ,3p3ak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as about 8l3yp, 23tiqb,9wpw z j0 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelength(ofbk/-j z//0 uri vuv3 t1nrbs of the two photons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest annihilk/b bvjfn(ir /t vru- zuo13/0ate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, q pb, 7pud6uz.that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in 7pbp u,.6u qdzmind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an e qs5o8i5pz ro*lectron and a8 o rq5z*5ospi positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For those forbidden, uz2 +yg3nx . b q2jcrxljx4/1fexplain what laws are violated. zx/bc3j uqx 24.1grnx2fy j+l
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two p umow4xw71kk +wh4 g0products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic ensban9bu* ) 2y8wctvh 2ergy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifetime of thnei3wb)1xr7kht33 y ;uk1zs te $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the z ;9hx;0sefe o$\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width os4w8 e7 *(rw-prxt9 fzvkk*si f the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty) of pxm 9 t,7it)ff
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that areal 7n .t- rgcx1itex7z ;w/3xc forbidden, explain which laws are violated. a13 xg7t z.lr ecwixc;-tnx/ 7
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron,:g butle: )op492ngpe (b) an antineutron, 2bepg:pne 4 :9tlogu)(c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinat 4ehh+g4m yic4)umb sha8 gxh:b 3-*cyions produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combie yl(p6zlvnt(;y)/bb ici, 6y nation needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the react237bhw y5)7wini h4 o1bqg hktion )niq42obtb17kgw hh57iw 3hy$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for )n1bshfwc*p2: omyx* the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton wh40 db4lakp41fbet+ m lose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wave4t04+ m f4abde bk1plllength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevafd61cbe), )tw s9puyz qhv e)3tron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution6p t besc e)dhwv), 31uzf9y)q, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is rel z+0 eh/y1n (ez4hixcreased when an electron and a positron annihilate each other? hi(zn0er ce+ hy14zx/ $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interacti+hs ke2 fe2 zs)fq53p/.twucuon could they occur? zf. ku c eu2s+/hs)2w5ep q3tfFor those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction hszpv (x(5sh1could they occur? For those forbidden, e(sv 15(hzxhs pxplain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a rrp/s5 um;xza2u1n/2x a v56scm rw/q$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in thrx4*hs*ei3llp .5udmy 3zx2(qg g:sre electroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactio*ztt *- ;gl4f93yu w 7pa6fdqip wqh:sns, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion.saqi-ftdp7z*w 4;g* q:l6w phty93fu $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reach5d/ebj 5) .r6cp wyd+ou 9cqytion $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fer8t rq i/7q f:*vbews 4g6c.pnnmions are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce two pion7cd v6s-r**:khapbp rs, pv -s*kpb:d67c rr*ah$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unificabaw9j/j c +q ogxve:)3tion distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in ai,xc 8bz .u-ao reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy o8cua z -boi,x.f 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particl hy2) ,r(trutwe in the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model tol49rqyts+)l u describe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speedw tn05ip+8i- yl giw:c of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?