Does Huygens’ principle apply to so t,r2 671ose6+dim kds7sj mzyund waves? To water waves? Explain.

What is the evidence that light 7vuj t( q:d2)/dax fux3 lfe;gis energy?

Why is light sometimes described as r1kx.z8edl fw fgn o q;6/ff8u-ays and sometimes as waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, but we cannot see around corners; ,ktd7qxt a5e 6yet both sound and light are waves. Explain tt 5xq7 ,d6kteahe difference.

If Young’s double-slit experiment were submerged in water, how would the fripleac- ckwe/0mta t1)7h f:o2tqp5 /enge pattern be changt0kh/p afe/p qlt5otew -a):ec7 12mced?

Monochromatic red ligh 3b,i/-vkr q(jew -b5ntksr6dt is incident on a double slit, and the interference pattern is viewed on a screen some distance away. Explain how the fringe pattern would change if the red light k-r, 6jkswt3vbbq/nd i e-5( rsource is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source destructively interfere if the ky2n 0vzdmau9/q5l /wir path lenm/0vl5n a kw/yzqd2u9 gths differ by how much?

Why was the observation of the double-slit interference patternkwk+3uri dc/4 more convincing evidence for the wave theory of light than the obsericr k3+d4u/k wvation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experiment for sound waves1(1utu)u yotplyje e38ll-u + to that for light waves. Discuss the similarities and differencesput8o(jyu3 1lle1)yeu l -u+ t.

Why doesn’t the light from the two headlights of a distant car1dd w6)bsr+ mt*prl/ q produce an interference m/d b *l+rtp1w)q6 dsrpattern?

Suppose white light falls on the two slits of Fig. 24–7, but on r8l (pwk3e,4in 4-uth f8bp1dcpdi1ce slit is covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the other by a blue filter (450 nm). Describe tt1h34p8d irib8p,lk1 n e-cucd4f w(phe pattern on the screen.

When white light passes through a flat piece of wind57l d7zd6wbzx9j-e jbow glass, it is not broken down into colors as it is by a prism. Explain.-z b 7 bw6j7de5dz9xlj

For both converging and diverging lenses, discuss how the focal length for red8j fbk tf-qvs+03 aw.t;bf-bw5hij m9 light differs fro5 fv;9 fbsbamjw + q.h-0t-k3if wjb8tm that for violet light.

A ray of light is refracted through three different materials * fpgw rnr/ayjm565e:a.cnk4 (Fig. 24–55). Rank the materials according to their in* wy5:nk e5.ga r 6jacrm/f4pndex of refraction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to ol. i cwv+(8dpcqc1e1 your eye and focus on a distant light source through a narrow slit between two fingers. (Adjust your fingers to obtain the best pplce q i8c1+ dcowv.(1attern.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diffraction pattern of a single slit if zk(uf gq)lt ot;95or,the whole apparatus is imz, 5t kro)q lfu;t(og9mersed in (a) water, (b) a vacuum, instead of in air.

For diffraction by a single slit, what is the effect of increasinj54; ;p;rpl htxckn b6g (a) the slit widkcl p tb4n;r ;p5jx;6hth, and (b) the wavelength?

What is the difference in the interference patterns formed ckvsul e(6 m* (f1/qns(a) by two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, whaz7- ne/jf qa ffc6ia:5t is the advantage of (a) many slits, (b) closely spaceizj-qfcff6n a5e/a 7 :d slits?

White light strikes (a) a diffraction grating, and (b) a prism. A rainbow app wsqmt1/1p+g mwb71 *hst/q meears on a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incide g w/hs1/q7wt*ts 1mqm+b emp1nt beam in each case. What is the color of the top of the rainbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting of wavelength8)5d) et5dfzzgh e(mpc3vvg5s between 400 nm and 700 nm, incident normally on a diffraction 5dv pc8zd5 )hf( e)g3mvzet 5ggrating, for what orders (if any) would there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does your answer depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes noticeable only for a thin fiejw +nqfe4u 0 + zfd8jz32j:iojgrk+2lm like a soap bubble and not for a thick piec2j++oz2 3jkreqd 4z:j ji8ne+gw fu0fe of glass, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at an angle in w wwm;ca.7kbd 4hite light, the reflected light is a full spectrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. What would you expect to see if kacwb .;dw74m monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) c66hoxa*z )j3pdke3c vloser together farther from the center?

Some coated lenses appear greenish yellft - m*uxsz (j4xv.3xsm02 rmf: uaol*ow when seen by reflected light. What wavelengths do you suppose the coating3s0. lvxmf: *-zrumxx2 ja4t*s(umof is designed to transmit completely?

A drop of oil on a pond appears bright at its edges, weye*etk o x93r izn x*ojss.* z)w1l6b.).kwchere its thickness is much less than the wavelengths of visk3 * *wns .cly1jokb).xw96*ri zee )oxe.tzsible light. What can you say about the index of refraction of the oil?

What does polarization tell us about thed1j4g ot1trt)e(lg4m nature of light?

Explain the advantage of p(tc(lp w8eu6b g4s s4u;, vlkv ny;.sbolarized sunglasses over normal tinted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pair ofcrbw/l(p6x.c g *s1si sunglasses is polarizing or not?

Two polarized sheets rotated at an angle of 9y-l f8 l9xghvfwc( w070$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sx1 lq7b +xx6*q2*r)v o twqywn+u1npyky if the Earth had no atmosphere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 time6(n:6ml fv lbes denser than it is, would sunlight still be white, or would itlm bvenf:6 (l6 be some other color?

  Monochromatic light falling on two slits 0.016 mm apart producesfjk/y 5 aiz:g 3pkjm(( the fifth-order fri:3kzjg (jkiy /fapm( 5nge at an 8.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nm light is observed at nd.:lztg 3w5jo,e7 bx an angle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two very narrow slits 0.048jy8 7+qz1d q:dcnedu9 ,hsz1yw2x +kw mm apart. Successive fringes on a k1s wd8y dcx + qe+wdzyu9,:71zhnj2qscreen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. Determine the wavelength and frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a He-Ne laser, wit :-v heooa5j-c()liu kh a wavelength 656 nm, falls on two very narrow -v (-a:jcol5)heuki o slits 0.060 mm apart. How far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm fallz1 )8erx1gvbx06yauq-w5om ws on two slits and produces an interference pattern in which the fourth-order fringe is 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the separation of the twoey z xbm1o1q8g6rw0vwa ux5)- slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes through two slits 0.58 mm aparhy 31cs5-w:2ma bakoet, how far apart arec 3e2-w5a:ha ok1b sym the second-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a screen 1.0 m away?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment, it is foumquj;ml7- w+aqu 8vq4nd that blue light of wavelength 460 nm giv-v qmuwlj 7mau8;qq+4 es a second-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of visible light would have a minimum at the same location?    nm

Water waves having parallel cr7ji9lnm3t2ao abyu 9 uo;w;e+ests 2.5 cm apart pass through two openings 5.0 cm apart i; 3l2uje9 ubyn 9;awtoiaom7+n a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to the “straight-through” direction would there be little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placed in front of the lower slit in Fig. a.rk8t0he,sr xw3ni+24–7 so that the 0nriwa 3,e8.krxh +ts two waves enter the slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the third-order maximum for light of wa qxm3bv ;m;bs -98xiotvelength 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected thr9qms-ib8;tx3xb ;vm oough the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separatepf i,wsennn,db y (q52i ,u7n i*c(w8kd by 1.0 mm are illuminated by 544 nm light. Find the distance between adjacent bright fringes on 82 5pbn (f7qnid,n i,nwk(cwy,e isu*a screen 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 nm in air falihp -rsa6r1u 84ev, 0evs 4edsls on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plew ccy;u5 blwjxa.k:8 3dad3( ) y g7wsfwj/t/astic (n=1.60) covers one slit of a double-slit apparatus illuminated by 640-nm light. The center point on the scre(; awyjwlkwbedj3) u a/8f.: 3swygc/7dt5 xcen, instead of being a maximum, is dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does the speed of red light (700 nm) ex :j wmlr,0ll+sceed that of violet light (400 nm) in silical j,r+lm0l :swte flint glass? (See Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a pi8xzbt*x ,vq;3 d*puqhece of glass at a 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light cjf +xf:si k z7,/ ot;tu)gl6tmontaining two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a slit 0.0440 mm wide, what is the full angular wi9j ;dj8:oalcgawm j.uqsug2ke:. :f / dth of the central diffractiond .q:sj29u:uj 8j/ogca;f.ael :k mgw peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls on a slit th-wylf.f;a wj3at is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm falls ov7l yzy m;lg7a48pbw60f bk6n n a slit that is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is illuminated by 450-nm light. What iss2zy5(kovwh q(tl6 c) the width of the central maximum (in cm) in tshczko ) (wt26( qy5vlhe diffraction pattern on a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of w 4eui7(buy4ob avelength 653 nm falls on a slit. If the angle between the first bright fringes (7oy44 bb iueuon either side of the central maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peak on a screen 2.30 m behin qs g /),qxadjw(9ppb:d a 0.0348-mm-wide slit illuminadjx gp/,b(9pqs:)aq wted by 589-nm light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 440 nm falls on a single slit, the gmd.s z jx(kg)ekg3xh26yu: 4first dark bands on either side of center are separated by 55.ms.:kjkggu)3 gxdhe x2(y 6z40$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavelength 415 nm falls on a single slit, icwo:p j s ooci)-pcd;a.p2+ :dt creates a central diffraction peak thoo 2p) dd+pjw-.co:a :p;scicat is 9.20 cm wide on a screen that is 2.55 m away. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light sogprsi.-qsg/cj-z/l / that the diffraction maximum is 4.0 cm wide on a screen 1./s q r-/.ic/jzgp-slg50 m away, what will be the width of the diffraction maximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given wavelengt 0b fr:5jvnsn3h $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light produce a qr9z q5 b5wc.i3*rzp(d/z(sgtx+ mimsecond-order maximum when falling on a grating whospqrxm*b+/ icz(tqg3s(mz w95 dz .i5re slits are $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter does a gr o0 r51evf c2wduwb56kating have if the third-order occurs at a561vukf5wewrco 0bd2n 18.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm light fy otx1(ei :9vzalling on a diffraction grating is observed at a 1x:zti(o1 vye95.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating/t7e nqd (+53z3itefzaoilc5 has $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally on aj*kkn 2jkd/; vsar ;8c $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that can be seen if a grating brfdnlr10l/ewz2ok:y x5: 70 lxz)gy with 6000 lines per cm is illuminated with 633-bryl:ro:057ly/l exwz zd nf1 x) k20gnm laser light? Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) fucek6rkpc27v/gp9czr s z ,* 7ill spectral orders can be seen on either side of the central maximum when whit7 /r7,9c2ckippskz gcr*z6v ee light is sent through a diffraction grating. What is the maximum number of lines per cm for the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing waveleng4l 6 q duu4t gkwes*;h17tk3biths from 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a grating with7tiuse4l3k 1tu4 6wkqdhg*;b $8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produces monochromatic light of a grwa9- 1hsoio gs5c)2qgd.;v3s bbd/ybt1u7known wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum lines are measured by ap5qj99q(h vzm, h 0vrt $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm thick, what wavelenfgjydl7c/ 6 ybu3za12 gth is most strongly reflected at the center of the outer surface when illuminated normally by wyc/1a6ju dgb7z3fyl2hite light? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Example 24–8 if the glsw+h: p0.la/ xd layr3ass plates are each 26.5 cm long? yxh 3d0 rs+lplw aa/.:    cm

  What is the smallest thickness of a soapm)az)fvndfnz.o(t t r,/x25i film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenislnfe5sqo0 ij,;d) jm:h yellow ($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark Newton’s rings (not counf sg6 j,vzn2.cting the dark spot at the center) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a ffnjv 2.6,zcsg lat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separatesib , ,qvlf)wb9 one end of two pieces of optically flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines are observed (with one at ea ),bv lqwf9bi,ch end). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air layer be betwf**+b7a yyp2fkx1 q vdeen two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appef yfyqapdk*7 *1b2x v+ar bright when 450-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspectefqup-( w0jg: i.uwl)hd of being a stolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcoho sld/q 4 dc vhk:hy028*)rklg0vrky w6 -io4fql $(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus (Fig. 24–31) is immersed in a liquid, the diamo 53 l meuqoqt*+v.7t; be-texeter of the eighth dark ring decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 om* b; .voetuq-3te x7+e5qtlcm. What is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength of the light entering an interferometer if 644 atozfg7 8e /h8bright fringes7 8tfaoz/8gh e are counted when the movable mirror moves 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connected to the movable mirror of an interferometer. Wezybi ihve9i1 ) j*-0ihen the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the netihje9 y-1)i ei* ibzv0 number of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirvz rm84b v2kv+yc)wp1ror $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an interferometer (Fig. 24–59) pasy1qlvzx-wd c7y 9,u3jses through a small glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light uy1,d9 -ucvwyqj3l7xzsed has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are oriented at 6 lv-fktq ih/vrm0/t .an67; 4upvmq x:5$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle for an a +hf1hy/31pa vlut;oyir–glass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s aw e t*gg(*i) ha(wn dpt6a:+jofbgre)k m2v21ngle for a diamond submerged in water if the light is hitting the diamond g+ 1 ejt)22(r6ag(k*mowhi edw)tn*:bpagv f $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so that the light passing through them is6vv8bbg b4*f-j4td th a maximum. At what angle should one of them be placed so th 4b 4*gt vfjdbtv-86bhat the intensity is subsequently reduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of qqj:op x.8;5lt 4fyx+o i o;hvtwo Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the inteoj+oo8:v q l i.f54;qthy;pxxnsity of the incident unpolarized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented aeiq5:rk2qs h 0t 40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented at 38.0hgbz06*r;k)z(utgl p $^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle be for reflections o-dyr(t j4jy-vr 40(y:u1 aj u5 xqqgijff the surface of water for light coming from beneath the surface? Compare to the angle for total internal rt1x5jjdvryqyu4 i rq-ag 0:j4-(j(yueflection, and to Brewster’s angle from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes through five successisx q/-nhkz;7jve Polaroid sheets, each of whose axis makes a nq7-/; xjkzsh 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength c+of0m bazg62t w.0cbd o8y+ )t/hlfn$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from mountains or airplanes can interferj ,xc7gl qwgw: uj) 5nqw4pq 7k8mem94e with the direct signal from the st:qc9kxlp,wwg 4 n mwg875qq7uj4je)mation.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three se9y( m,(pw n49 1pbseng,zsiz, 9rmkg oparate sources passes through a diffraction grating with pi4 zr9 g mwzgkey,s 9b,,ps( o9m1nn($ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through6wxb: da-yyvs.k 6w1f two narrow slits 0.60 mm apart. The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the centr6:sf6yb ka-dywxwv. 1 al maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 1054.wx ir pbfv(2.1 MHz broadcasts from two identical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, pevw 5pbxir 4(f.rpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back from an outside doorway 0.88 m wide, am:eaib (9;p e-kaj-z dnd blows a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Ignoring reflections, estimate at what angle(s) it is not possible toeeaz;ka ( pj-9:mib-d hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls on a single slit of width to 3 +k,pvzl)bD at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetle have a series of parallel lines across them. When cv2b n ;fgp5vq+ m:39edxcke1normally incident 460-nm light is reflected from the wing, the wing appears bright when viewed at ann dx2epv;:9k1fmc ce 3gqb5+v angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a grating have if there is to be nb(rwg+7 zes6d o second-orderzesb g6w r7+d( spectrum for any visible wavelength?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-order spectra of wo0clb f0j eco0nvf5( ,hite light produced by a diffraction grating always 5l(00 , bcje0foofvcn overlap. What wavelengths overlap exactly?

  When yellow sodium ljt, .lnc0dws+ ight, $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffraction grating with and thef lqev6b02 /iz,tz ;a7xbqpe3 pattern is viewed on a screen 2.5 m from the grating. The incident light beam consists of two w7qt3 aeblv/z2, ;ez06 qfpixbavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction of a clear matlwpj4sqwen1 ;;k(mv: + x 9cyaerial if a minimum of 150 nm thickness of it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm is incident normally upon it? Do you have a choicexwm;qws;c1len(a 4 vpy+j k9: for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of variable wavelength is incident normally on a thinh29jm+8 kftxp-gzi / m sheet kh -xi829mt z mj/p+gfof plastic film in air. The reflected light is a minimum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness needed for an anti-r9 l 0m6chhbeq*eflective coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thickness for the ai, +k07xlj ,ej3hjyh/r xoqt0s r layer between two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to0,hxkjsj xt ,e7 lqjo+/y0hr3 appear dark when 640-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transm+1 sd5zkzd; oditted through a thin film layered on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discuss the reld5 szd+z1k;odative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon is the Sun when amdva h -7zk+2light reflecting off a smooth lake is polarized mo7vd2k a m+a-hzst strongly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be place85cp.bentxor 0c t/3sd so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolarized lighs85 r.t0xtn3c cp eob/t by an additional factor (after the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on two polarizer 8imkt*bw;gy( sheets whose transmission axes are at right angles. A third polarizer is placet8y;ik bgw*(m d between the first two so that its axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed +snj dn2;+or din succession with their axes vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes throug3xc b pic1 kz1s(bq71fqmg8 ip:ul*5gh a slit of width 1.0 cm and is pointed at the Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emit lmbb pi(u*3kpfsg1z1x :7q q 58cgi1cs waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of the beam when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarize 2encwmfsno;xo9 e, 6*+hk 1jdrs are each placed at a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap 9wf r+ utd5 zp9j2bc/m$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz radio wadc (c h8vpm;l,ves in phase with each other. They are located at ;ch8mv (dlc p,points $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containl ;5p*(kl903lk63 pkpy qu3mhy xtw wok0d-jf ing two wavelengths, 420 nm and 650 nm, enters a silicate flint glasp03q9mk3yltp -x jf;5(k*kl oly3 hdpww k u60s equilateral prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has one flat sur*7vaoyw)/tmsw51d eeface and one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm