Does Huygens’ principle appl h8g2j havlj,9y to sound waves? To water waves? Explain.

What is the evidence that light is ene i/qx+y) jou;argy?

Why is light sometimes described as rays and sometimes(ecr9bdrr yvf2 j6uhh*v;d13 as waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, but we cannot see aroum: g+,chlhx; cnd corners; yet both sound ;hxhcmc: g+,l and light are waves. Explain the difference.

If Young’s double-slit experiment were submerged in water, how would the fringclsj*3-g 9+p namlc)xe pattern be ch9*c+)n spmj-l3 lxgca anged?

Monochromatic red light is incident on a double slit, and the ie (nu- q8hoad3nterference pattern is viewe8- (ud qhe3aond on a screen some distance away. Explain how the fringe pattern would change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source destructively interfere if their patht /dpv-)vlw f ,nrs9 :sq5e+yy lengthsldn)5qwvv-s9typ/ +f:rye ,s differ by how much?

Why was the observation of the double-slitp ;q qze (y /7k-/bsz/ tk*hnopcng7l. interference pattern more convincing evidence for the wacb7nl gp*pk/s qeyzqtz ; -k (o7hn/./ve theory of light than the observation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experiment for sound waves to that for light wakqks 6ie16;8a-g +m wf;ihhsjf+rrt2 ves. Discuss the similarities and dihk m6qjf-w 81ts 2;i6fr+ i+;raeshk gfferences.

Why doesn’t the light from the two headlights of 5xnh9o 3j3u zna distant car produce an interference pattern?hno3 u znj953x

Suppose white light falls on the two slits of Fig. 24–7, but one slit is qvp m;kez*gedc2ix*u r04 fiz1 l4l9 ,covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the other by a blue filter (450 nm). Describe the pattern on*4rqi,kv9g*efi20p 41 zmeucx d ; zll the screen.

When white light passes through a p3v h5zc 0jon)dexr;+flat piece of window glass, it is not broken dncdz)ox0je; r5vh3p+ own into colors as it is by a prism. Explain.

For both converging and diverging le zxn+(ma u-vx8bt, qjb) xdy d.l9 vt5r+:oyu6nses, discuss how the focal length for red light differs from that for violet lighzb(o qyx.txvld8xb-)d:, tam569u v +rj +nu yt.

A ray of light is refracted t3s1t 1zrpg);5labmiw 0vjn 8jhrough three different materials (Fig. 24–55). Rank the materials according to their index of refraction, least5gl31j iwt08 s )vmzp;nb1 ajr to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your ub1,+dk1 zieu+s cfj td+ x.9oeye and focus on a distant light source through a narrow slit between two fingers. (Adjust your fingersiesfd1k1+ t.bxuz +,9uc +jd o to obtain the best pattern.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diffraction pattern of a single slit if the wh *13 pf,wtghect)81l 4kkylar ole apparatus is immersed in (a) water, (b) a vacuum, instead of in ai) gt,hcr1 ewp1l4a*k3tfly 8kr.

For diffraction by a single sud g2mcvp3k(pwq1 o:/sr52 c 7pe-e bvlit, what is the effect of increasing (a) the slit widtoc7 skc5 p1eqr-vg3 vdw/mu22(pbep:h, and (b) the wavelength?

What is the difference in the interfeje 1j(b k(.kxkrence patterns formed (a) by two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is the advantage of (a) max gp ioqlj q*jsh8tw14+ 3s,*ony slits, (b) closely spaced slits? 318,x4* wg*po sjqh +lojtsqi

White light strikes (a) a diffraction grating, and (b) a;2ge /umjoh b0 prism. A rainbow appears on a wall just below thg/2 jm b;ho0uee direction of the horizontal incident beam in each case. What is the color of the top of the rainbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting of wavelength *8a0xl,cjymiid/yiz- e u4a0s between 400 nm and 700 nm, incident normally on a diffraction grating, for what orders (if any) would there be oveyx0i jac i4z,a 8-/mle 0i*ydurlap in the observed spectrum? Does your answer depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes noticeable only for a thin film like a soap bubblest gnx/3(9wa .bspw80f f a+zd and not for a thick piece of glass, s3.d bnpx89s fwt0a fw/+zsag(ay?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at an angle in white lightia n-vibwh/v(aep66 , , the reflected light is a fulv w6iiha,6- vane/(bpl spectrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. What would you expect to see if monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) closer together farther from thc.d;k a gxl sr4w 7vd1p-jwd+-e center?

Some coated lenses appear greenish 9r+tjq:3p m (*ydi ycvyellow when seen by reflected light. What wavelengths do you suppose the y3(yirjc *:v+d mt q9pcoating is designed to transmit completely?

A drop of oil on a pond appears bright at2 -dfft0lx 4mk its edges, where its thickness is much less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you sayfm- 4lx 0ktfd2 about the index of refraction of the oil?

What does polarization tell us about the nature obr15i9 i/4s lb)z1l e rw1*e bpuhe/jif light?

Explain the advantage of polarized sunglas*h wbuaq- 1:x0m gq7(qh sytb+ses over normal tinted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pair of si)t/ 3j5sjkosq r)nm9, 36qtzwm ;jniunglasses is polarizing or not?

Two polarized sheets rvz3+3by do0protated at an angle of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky i,1,mqwgl7 cn16j q3p/xs q 8wndumz,cf the Earth had no atmosphere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 times denser than+mq6xs bvagq 6q)t1 i) it is, would sunlight still be white, or would it be some otit +6qvsqg)1 q6 mxb)aher color?

  Monochromatic light falling on two slit 5 s.joagu/tm82jze-ls 0.016 mm apart produces the fifth-order fringe at an 85mzsoe -.au8 j2ljg/t.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nm light is obserzk vkaatc9-kk:9(2 eoh:at/mh)e0 jvved at an angle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two very narrow kmx4+) pa9riqslits 0.048 mm apart. Successive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. Determine the wavelength and4 9qrap+m)ki x frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a He-Ne lasmjnq (p jr7cm+8,,a4cfoun5o e- oo9fer, with a wavelength 656 nm, falls on two very narrow slits 0.060 mm apart. How far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern on a scre,f+o58jmfcmj-( copa 4no97 uorn e ,qen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on two slits and produi i a,lc 6e;n8ft.h;3yar5lpa+tr: o fces an interference pattern in which the fourth-order fringe isf+5 l n:atri6r y;p83.; aa,hoilftec 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes through two slits 0.58 m7 wa n7bl,wg.zvwr;r9 m apart, how far apart are the second-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a screen 1.0 m a, ;vw7z nrba wwr79.glway?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment, it is found that blue le4nwq 2s y,-m ks8w1eixt hs(wbj/72wight of wavelength 460 nm gives a second-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of visible light would have a minimum at the same location? tqw 24se(/j-i n 2ewmsskwwb8,7hx1y    nm

Water waves having parallel crests 2.5 cm apart pass through two openinp6 hx(i v74k n57jwioogs 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to the “straight-th x(v6o jk4oiihp775nwrough” direction would there be little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placedhb/ p5 o,kvjk3 in front of the lower slit in Fig. 24–7 so that t,k5 ovb kph/3jhe two waves enter the slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the:sc qyj5.gwj4 third-order maximum for light of wavelength 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through th.gs j wqc:45jye same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm are illuminate (9ylmsyh/4tt,m ko :9jnt r+xd by 544 nm light. Find the distance between ahyrt+y xm/ tm s:t(,9kj49o nldjacent bright fringes on a screen 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 nse.nk drhs4,rf2g9:w h ;gn .xm in air falls on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) covers on2xnojy/vv * 8 .smcyyi(37log e slit of a double-slit apparatus illuminated by 640-nm light. The center point on the screen, instead of being a maximum, is dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of sy* 3ym2./jv (nvl 7gxoicoy 8the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does the speed of red light ( 5mg+92hzqoqb1lup jvu j-w63700 nm) exceed that of violet light (400 nm) jo 3mg+p2qwzj-uhv 19u 6qbl5in silicate flint glass? (See Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a piece of glass at a 60.0be dj6 ov,9ewq-y2y p80$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light v08qhy)u)x6r e cwam6containing two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a slit 0.0440 mm wide, what is the full wzcp. r jj6+v bfb*t28angular width of the cer+.t fwzjc28bv * p6jbntral diffraction peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls on a slit thater .ok5ate+a7 is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength sw u zw u -hw)8sj3d5l1bxtn56520 nm falls on a slit that is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is illuminated by 450-nm light9v: kfmt 59a4ipigtmfj18dz ) . What is the width of the 8z kif9iaf vg1mt95 4mdt j:)pcentral maximum (in cm) in the diffraction pattern on a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelength 653twjp4m 5u mj;7 q/em;k)bale: nm falls on a slit. If the angle between the first bright fringes on either sidltwuqem )j b54k;;mea7:/jm pe of the central maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the centravrj gk *+,r4ckl diffraction peak on a screen 2.30 m behind a 0.0348-mm-wide slit illuminate rk,ckjv+*rg 4d by 589-nm light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelengjcvh-j q-,a,j x0 1fzxth 440 nm falls on a single slit, the first dark bands on either side of centev,-,cj j0xa j-qxh1fz r are separated by 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavelength 415 nm falls on a ri,:5* kglvja single slit, it creates a central diffrajl5* vrg ,:ikaction peak that is 9.20 cm wide on a screen that is 2.55 m away. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm li f9y1p6s* zm. e-sbyznght so that the diffraction maximum is 4.0 cm wide on a screen 1.50 m away, what will be the width of t sy6*mf.ezy1sn9 -pzb he diffraction maximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given wavelengthio8 gh0uhmv1b ohq ,(ro7-d(v $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light produce a second-order maximum when falli0/ yzbfxfifi9 w.w 5r0ng on a fw0x/fi9b0izy.r 5 wfgrating whose slits are $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter does a grating have if the third-orde:b5.occc mg+q t .l0ckr occurs at an 18.0gl.tccm bc+ 05c k.q:o$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line r3yf( ntk+z ubj;f+qm0cwmu s9 -il45 of 589-nm light falling on a diffraction grating is observed at5y4rm+qfuzkl-;snjt b +fu 9 c3m0(iw a 15.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating hpob ot74g7e h.as $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normal;(zuk pux/d/l x4 z8ptly on a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that can be seen if xxi)2e vht.*bz cf+;d a grating with 6000 lines per cm is illuminated with 633-nm laser light? h e vx+dfbc*2z;txi.)Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spe8 v bt/5saw7dlsa8r,wctral orders can be seen on either side of the central maximum when white light is sent through a diffraction grativ/,s 78wwa rlts d5a8bng. What is the maximum number of lines per cm for the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengths from 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a gkz*l*)cwb-hwt 1nx a8rating with n-c 1wa)w z*kbtl8h x*$8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which l k7a nc:dx8.wtvgy (,produces monochromatic light of a known wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum lines are measured by a h wx )1ooao8+imj.de( ue3mdz ,r.w.a$9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm thick, what wavelm:3c.hxt 0op,- b hiadcu*w. xength is most strongly reflected at the cx.u -x*owc0i m bh,.d 3pca:htenter of the outer surface when illuminated normally by white light? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Example 24–8 if the glass))j r rn:v:vm1v*iy ak plates are each 26rrv:i jy )m)v nv:1*ak.5 cm long?    cm

  What is the smallest thickness of a soa 5s4b ox pjdxep-gk6;* pj-ae(p film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenish yellow em8ei- iu.( sc($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark fcq868 0v ,4hbfwcoc1v, ofng Newton’s rings (not counting the dark spot at the center) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens restin 1 cnhv0ogq, 8fwcv,fcf6b8o4 g on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separj;m: elf(r h)qates one end of two pieces of optically flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 6m lfe:)j ;(hrq70 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines are observed (with one at each end). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air layer be between two flat glass surfa;o8dc4 ahgn c7f icrn89cafq..f; fp9ces if the glass is to appear bright when 450-nm light icg99.d f ;rc oc .a8pf; nff847cniahqs incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspected of being 665hsx *ics9 wpx+twg *.zqira stolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcohoedcr4irpcyyg1-hh6 6;b7 ar9l $(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus (Fig. 24–31) is immersed ing idps;i-0gt cs8/0uh a liquid, the diameter of the eighth dark ring decreasesisd ; ihg0cs/-0 pugt8 from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. What is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelengthwc3fu t1c ,8jb of the light entering an interferometer if 644 bright fringes are counted when the m3 ucjf,8twb1c ovable mirror moves 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connected to the movable mirror of ao )6eax(lohvlr 8rgb4ur.)z. n interferometer. When the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, comparv8r)bg.o( euazl rro6x4 ) h.led to the empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirro/p4 w3lbpsbkg 2l 22knr $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an interferometer (Fig. 24–59) passes through a smalhuom7f ; 5bz/sl glass ;/7fb h so5uzmcontainer containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are oriented ely+ztp4w:,ocwv e og-8 /(k tat 65$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle for an aa .9a w+(yqa5sre. lklir–glass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angszwa;5 ;3/b5;smwe-j gjh yedle for a diamond submerged in water if the light is hitting thse-dwy wbg j;3esz5am j5;/h;e diamond $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so that the light passing through them is a maximum (vq1lsh1 dvt8m26khif5ywe3 . At what angle should one of them be placed3vek1qft8l6hd i 2ys v51w m(h so that the intensity is subsequently reduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placedfsy z8o0xre3(d- *5yyh8gg a0kvx:qh so as to reduce the intensity of the incixx*y y: fdsek(gg38-oh8 0r0yzvh5qa dent unpolarized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriei)govuv13ij3 h47ds snted at 40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are o:d;j 1 iwj3 oj5lfktx6riented at 38.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle be for reflections off the surface of water f(dnz,f(eaj(w6 pkt6 v bfpn9*or light coming from beneath the 6wa n *,bzf ed6k(fpn jv(p(t9surface? Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewster’s angle from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes through five successive Polaroid sheets, each of whose*lg1 faz+ i*gz axis 1 zig *af+lzg*makes a 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength 9oowhkw87:i-fyk v6s $ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from m nqge*z wej:7 82hac6iountains or airplanes can interfere with the direct signa 7eg:wcijn*86ehqz2 al from the station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources passelaxrr. daq1.9s through a diffraction grating with r..dr1 aq9xal$ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through two narrow slits ef* ud:a9z3b,ewteqee(nn 5vfe- : 9k0.60 mm apart. The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of t ,nee9f-vfe:k aq 5et9ene * z(db:3uwhe unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 MHz9 3z /ylc vtc0 ex,3zfqgrmj*( broadcasts from two identical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum 9 cc0*,l(q3g xmztj yzr vfe/3signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back from an outside qcl zo:e,sha;6 b+3 mtyq5lw7 doorway 0.88 m wide, and blows a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Ignoring t65:ml,yqz7sqa wehlo ; +bc3reflections, estimate at what angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls on a sing5qi8 ojwc(ktqx+g 0t 4/o1ptn le slit of width D at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain o8f cy8) s9dyqbeetle have a series of parallel lines across them. When normally incident 460-nm light is reflected from the wing, o)cy8f9 8q sydthe wing appears bright when viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must f*r;3jgryk5)0.tip hj.i tjzs (ig8gls6 q4xa grating have if there is to be no second-order spectrum for any visiblz ssi3 0 46gr pt.fh5i(ljk8gg*.;i txyj q)jre wavelength?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-order sef1 ukb8tp h3vz0k tp4w50 s7kpectra of white light produced by a diffraction grating always overlap. What wavelengths ovf 5pe vb ktw7uzh0s8t1 4p0k3kerlap exactly?

  When yellow sodium lig a .jx-dqha.-yht, $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffraction grating with and the patter21p/ fby-9czim hi3au7* ldcvn is viewed on a screen 2.5 m from the grihl y cv*/3zbdia27p-9 muf 1cating. The incident light beam consists of two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction of a clear material if a minixn5:gcbt yc7/jjn, e2mum of 150 nm thickness of j:g,c xcbe 2tyjn75n/ it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm is incident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of variable wavelength is incident nyohu07zz lmrof, 0q+mroc ..40s 7sgsormally on a thin sheet of plastic film in air. The reflected light s,us+cz0 h470 q o0.slgo7rom yrzfm.is a minimum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness needed for an anti-reflective ttmt(fw/aaw0(p ci*4coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thicknesd n(dj68bd s4 *wrv(ithy xo 3q01v1gqs for the air layer between two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear dar4(81qghvv(swdnd 3 q0dj tybix1o* r6k when 640-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transmitted through a thin film layered o6y-h8v vai tff.hnw c:pq2*b ;t0j2won a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discu8v *with2:2pc-w nfov 6;qyba.jfh0t ss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon is the Sun when 5cz h:ecsx-0ekwa,( lud8zdcs-yu -: light reflecting off a smooth lake is polarized most stronu(:ze z cl syx:c-cu - s,0kd58dewah-gly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids beupo je9p*;-/imt s9c t1bua 9l placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolarized light by an additional factor (after the fiojt ;ipmuup/ 1ab9e9 sct9*l-rst Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on two polarizer sheets whose transmission amezbn m 9jf+5 n:055hin9aezsxes are at right angles. A third polarizer is placed between the first two so that its axis makes a 65mjnmef55 9hn 0n:bsz 9e+ia z2$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are y+2/ 4fc3ls7dkwa ywzplaced in succession with their axes vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes throughs6e,/b57+dc f ofge /u -iyqlc a slit of width 1.0 cm and is pointed at the Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of the beam when it reaches toledq/ y/-+ gc65sef, f7ibcuhe Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers are each pls n.5,fl(lxylz n( ,wyaced at a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap lr rb+8i0l6pr)aryfd 0ws 6;u$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase with each. c mncsrt;,f/.:bjg f other. They are located at poift/c. ;:gnjfr.c sm,b nts $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavelengths, 420 nm and 6j-ez;ld*o i0e50 nm, enters a silicate flint glass equilati 0odl e-*jze;eral prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has 9* s4 sngf)oseone flat surface and one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm