Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminup(qjn ;vd .s l9t;ob*rm? See the periodic table or Appendixt v 9(;npqs*b;.drj lo B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploit6fj0 :v wbo5sce:id jvi099ased to make a thermometer.0j fv0dj :se996aow:isi cb5v

Which is larger, 1 C ym7-dl)mizaa). : pw9q( eigl$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system jm vz 1 jo.k/*(tldvdbi7c+m*B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can yvjc 1vd/d* k(bl7+m*joim.z tou say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a st oao7mngefly5-v;w*e;6zq-q:i s j+n rip of iron. When heated, the strnw;76 j ;om5 y*esoqa--izv:gl +nfqeip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear fzzt 1tow-z2mwh4 9w/expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple tp y4 i3p*lshczc1(p,q9 6pavnhermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures. pp* cnpp i9(aq,634 hyzs1vcl

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of 9r ra:i 4fuwsg+i;i6q4*uadn93xxq g nd;+rx9sai9aiw 4 gq gr3qf6*ixu:4u a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in met01 y+49is3vvh ,p/qyssq pnzrcury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot. mos:s0m s/dm)y-dvmnq pb6. tub of water, th.yq0sp :mvon)mms.d 6/s d -bme mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or coutl(kx3j a ogjm6fj r,4bmx )2/t(+ pmoled more rapidly than adjacent parjx( jf( 2 at+ )ouj3mbm4,kptrx/ g6mlts. Explain.

The principal virtue of P;(cdx2, y7pg mnw juy. /qe4oyyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat re gn/ jqmpx2cw,4 7;uyye.ody (sistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 7amhdg tg-0,lfb6 b1c$^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly th*aui:z gf-9h me can will not stand up. What has happ zhum*g9 f:a-iened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tem-aeizkbcvq c582rj+ o ir,4 fl8qp6vmrl o .+)perature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike v ikra-bc,o cpo5ll4m 8i+rr.vj+8)2qq ezf 6the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alumipo0o j 6jnwtmd,s9k/2num sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the t jk/n60j92p tso womd,emperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows fro 4mw-yrd i m)fa7hi5q9m kinetic theory and the relation between aved-f9mm 5q4yah ii)wr7rage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gc t( i 8/ek0t6q/bxo u*,shazsay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, thetng lyp4v (ma,r5h8g 1 ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the miak 9aqdkw*yl 7a)w0g q1td6y )nimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically nol) 7)1ydd9t60w *gwaqqykaa k atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water a/qr(2m+ogv q rbcr.olme3,cdi1y2jq:.- cllt room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of onjm,dcy3. mqclor+rvg.q /1o (l i :e2l-2br cqe relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day 9qlqjdpx+*p7.st ag , at the same 9pxqjp + .,lgs7daqt*temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatur+*ru443sdvaf l jk; lie (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the hq )8p.yniszown4j5ts.br /t( umidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the/posyrq.4 .nzn)t8b j(tis w5 same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open thee :b(ta vsm/k whpa2ig5)r)b xooc0 7; radiator cap of an overheated automobile ;sx/k me(p ) rat :oih0cw72bo)g5avbengine.

Why does exhaled air appei3pi.i 0 0rgypds/5 vfy4d2 jpar as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-grg/*sj3tn )a 1xzxn:bmam copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-grk m/e8q*ia-p 7330 l tag (rrsjlmy6ozam gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass?0 m -grma/i3s6qtl ole7k*(z3 y8paj r$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 6f -rt4vjwz5l68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?5f6 rj 4tzlw-v   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatu -mkeq-4nd isr6zh)4mres recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length nh :jp3n ou6k.11.82 cm at 0.jh3u:kon.p n60 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12rfjz tm s/4lp86 ub-gmz ;9*i*o3xizc m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of w.9c simrn1gq+ rought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how m+qimn19s r gc.uch its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are/2pe07xn (-btcj n yfh larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is2feb jp-(/0ny7t nxhc to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at -jhv( ,: (ijfp;cp sdo4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its y/lt,qmcc13v e4 q)r mchange in volume if it is heated frqc)1m,r ve4 /yc3m lqtom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to thpm / 7ur* ddf:)d -atg8biwp*an(4brme brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at de axbd))/i4t20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be pla 7u/lary91e obced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in e u 45wrro(1byr; .iqwljj)z7p ssentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is apw1wbz(5qrjr7 o l iu;.rpyj4) proximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dwychnebb)p 4o49 d8v; ensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w*ixnua 0 rhu ;nm/mrl*5a)e0a has coefficient of linear expansionu 0n)exarrh/u inmm0a a;l**5 $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, onq d +u*3j1a uon*7zs$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfat8/ivkvr p s y8mf0q ysmm.sn6,(zl(-aher clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1 zfy0in(ly8s. (/ s p6q8samv,krmv-m7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thn0dj n5 lki8w/ermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb 8jln k5d iw/0nhas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 au)8iu8e l1br( po;sj2 4hkuk3iygz0 b5tz-cm is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings wit84h)l8ja esbz u5uky-kop igbr 0ucz t;2i(31h angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length whenkvrldx/0hw ,7pg -fk n,ep 7eq6gd2t5 at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at thi52hl -d7gd g ,/kner6qtp,e7px0 fkwvs length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crosse n edd3tc0k48-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.y7j 3+vv fdv8f122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following- oxf7esyr i(cin2o1 2azm-7 buiht16 temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit tr;6v2ne7l t/;j 3z o (kmqvz0whf2 nfscale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth anyv79.n *mx9hj qs fx+rd Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engi6i 3dc-8yzlvy ne, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of i3y vlz8yd6- cabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.l0s j)) xsryk3    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen pkrkfrz:.: qt4vcw v hx 28o0,($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains rv+. 6b;baxr1f ck eg318.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gahrrl f)v1 e3x. dv.1y. 5xseans is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of aw/zt3jtg9z ( )f,em eprgon gas at 385 K?jfwegt) /39 z, emtz(p   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of 6)f1 w twfj:91 8-xe lndkoozi$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating.k wt4fw 0.lh lea) uv0t0rqm3wqvk6 3 the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outsidl 6qkwe0.wur33 4f)vt0v0hwaq .kmlte. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with7pyfpcnz/fr. b*0 r r+*q*usi air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.2z0bz1* ezpiy 0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escap vbt-ua+gv7t2 0;zqwcc.z *d u5)cktkes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ),ly3hof;zap of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L?9smkuq 88a uc tr*eqc 79j:gstokv84* How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (fmic(l rg.zly+d7,l1h w.7qqa) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum jqivxkwv-z b).9m2f, e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L gb6 bw2m0vvn 5breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume t62g 5 bwm0vnbvhe atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average 7 fhtu3 dp84yftranslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? updf8y 7fht34    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Su, an3x*vljdx+x lkv,6 n at a temperature of about 6,n , *xlaklxvx3v+6 jd000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas me z2 rprme 9i5c2e1p .yec7b9colecules increase if the temperature is in pycb 9 795mzi2eeer2.1ercp ccreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units ofnktxz 5) p b2 8wg/4bcuv+mt.z km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, anmzuk ctn +b85g/wz)vbx24pt. d 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecu9y2zrjt p*a5f g1 bh)v6k.emales in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held consta5ftykjj*q0ljk:krx0 o7z om2 dj ;d45nt, by what factor do54*kj0f l k0j : zk527 rqjdxotm;jdyoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules 4zj2vwpgcc2.s1am 6 xin a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gas 1u1 *ocb6kvnxes at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inv*u1b 6k1xn vocerse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of n86)x;ududy etxqfmf ef; *27 nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of a32e.g- pvyrmyp3qk*( kgk7 rsn oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrt fkfejl (8ix:i7g94rogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an aminadjq 98wgn * 90 h:yrc6d8kqf +mncm0ro acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a limagm:+ 6*w9qqnfj8rdc9kyh d0r cn08ving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressurxbi+y2/fz 0 bee P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urav.kcsidi/9wdiw. )( q +uf pz(dq7:em nium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what ph*lv wuvt)0 ea)d6lrt*ases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tempeay3ozxc d7d;ogoy )mu: 1 p*;orature is (a) a od)ypg yozx:d 1c7;* o;oum390 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day qob1p( n/.w1v ecn0nkwhen the temperature isk/(nonpwc 10.q 1eb nv 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wh9eu gcv nm7ug06s0z 9s:nq1xxere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a paqt)vayvl0(g *m n3rvk9z 3:dkrticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperkgnr (qv3z )t: vy93d0 lmvak*ature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatuox cru (c52k:are on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and thurco(: 5xa2ck e relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day6 -nxwc.cog 8y44iixyh n5u1r when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a - ope5f03q xj+whbo i5pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature5 e5q+o0bf woh p-xji3 of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room)1 0s pd6czxox6g3qhw of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dewu59y8dd xyhu*g 0p8i iziif 45 point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time neededi ye1/ ,be)n:u gj)bgw822ry+doe a pb for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 1gnup ey,22rybd bg:/ae8wj + b)oie) 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the internsx1w 1q9h. ukgy8c(1a 1fl lpior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An aver11lagswf 9l8qx c1ykp. nu(h1 age trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated ao8* lho:ie3y igsx0 /tu7 l-iut 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape meas/*u1v, kt0wuzchf ad)wqrar:15a ;pp ure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cupt .hh mz6dngpa-2t(zdy 1d5-x e.ld2w was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made 6nt-x-y.( am22g1 ztzh ewd dlh.pd5din a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heli3kha:( um.stnmpmfaqe; 1h)/e (a)gs um gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. Wha;.msps/)k (qm 1afanha: eu(ghm)t e3t fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of aircvp7 y;0f zj/n molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height f;0v7npzjyc /2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one ato* ch3jpov2sn- m per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vn5cy* w;v1ausacuum techniques is aboutc;n*a5ys1u wv $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the skt h0fpf .t4t+urface, to what volume hf 4ft ktt.p0+would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters E6ab*)8butgl4pkd up pg 6 3x0wsphv9+ arth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nv30ad4s66u bt)pk9 +w*hpgu pxp8gbl ose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal g5ghvkqg- (w0 p 43shoxas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofnh1lv9 yd 96vj0 ic-sp 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure atbx7b .a v rj9(5d,khkx the surface of the Earth, estimate the totalb(v d7 r.,xkkjh 95axb number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules co oht0opdj+cg k4,4h: pszer2i- 2hqi9ntained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge p8ym6 ll3h gn(gressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressur g6lgn8ylm3h( e, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats 0f15 wqp wpmk,dz8 p6e:y7nfc;z8kfrin a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 7s twwarb5umbxrk: -a 2- .)qe0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arowgsh 5j5bwh/y et2 :w:und the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass met6thn6ns hnu: : lj+k,q)( wjar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, add0i chnx:7e0z,m (dglopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a press f5gjsu,dqs71gm223 q wwpqv.ure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earthz0x,gusx86g2 vql5 ls is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vh6b s 3 ohv;l7ha:8wbuertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they ha hohs7 ;vb8h l:36ubawve a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter,nv z o2.9l j nbh1xpg0k42r;.bpkfet (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a pe;22hnp9brof x.. kpe0blv1zj ,4 gkntrfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air : 1+kk; jrmugo +*nhujon the following two days: u+j; :hro1+numgk* jk
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density pygel-4 hg :)y:yo.p wof iron at STP, and when it is a l):pweo4gyy-yg. h:psolid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for a, cvond36x 8n -sdf 7keeg q1u1.;wzhpn ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal tos 8 pfku.eeh6nc ;d7,q 1gwdnxz1o-v3 $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.