Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 .x2ayspc4b7q kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Apqx4ys.c7 a2 bppendix B.

Name several properties of materials 1xms:ebwdh m1qz1 gj37g ;lx-that could be exploited to make a thermometerg 1-z1 dxbmj;gms w73:xlh1eq.

Which is larger, 1 C u 5,riivhn ujo5ly 5-7$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wi f:oan)m( k wvqha*a09th system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, v0*f:w9mqoa()ak h anB, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alumhwvv-2 7-9pfoq l8enktxc0t59+ 3ebf2 s ieavinum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the stripvh ken5tofi99qltwa2-8vb s+p- 3c 0e xef2v 7 will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficibvfb9sh +59 d1c q,2f y*:nhjxrdu f8fent of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagi w+jx9 s*v6x h6bnh6iram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. Thehhjs* x9ii6 n xv+bw66 electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed a vmstna;0d(q 5t the ends often have a section in the shape of sqvd; m0 (nt5aa U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder o qha:v*h/waet/6s g f:f lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of/r /a h/b)ecupm(/ka i water, the mercury initially descends a bit ankai /b() che/ pr//amud then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part o.w h74 r8yy- kl001aghvxgtu tf it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjakt8xh0 7gt-rgh la0yv14. wuycent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear g l9ixw s eri7h);zx 5jl48p7ro3ce, 6dx0jykexpansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrel xs6e7hci87w;r3 )e4 yxipgzr j,jl5 x 09odkx.

Will a grandfather clock, accur,4aov5 be c:su+ a-cuuate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top toccr*/:a:nj +9zrox xu76 wbzg.8 xvom bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happenw/gb*7 :z6m .z9rxno +cu 8ajrc: xvoxed?

When a gas is rapidlx8( :wtiz;cdi*xjv 1j y compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it ;jwjd xz8 (xi*t cv:i1cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decr2n*i,4vwa vx- lu+gn mease if nw-i+x4 v,u* 2a mlngvthe temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law 0 4uf0ip kzj1tfollows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperatuup t0zj10 i4kfre.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetivhes/fp+xk ( nud v1,8c theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of 3fkr-a*ac s o;$N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum2 8ppolr k,.ou speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. Thu2.8proopk,l e escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tempeov0j(ck: :q, 5my zv+ nbsrp1 adc0xu3rature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of o0cnb3ok:yam1 cs+q(pv0 vzr j xud 5:,ne relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at t ddkv+w dlcepp2a+2-os 60ch-he same tempes+lc 2+vdcoddphk p-02-e a6w rature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperi6qnjttyc/,n ; )n- rwzm2 sy*ature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same)-e1br glosw6 but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the61 ob g-s)rwle same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open thea wi0-n*vn s3e radiator cap of an overheated automobile enginsni *nwa-e0 v3e.

Why does exhaled air appear ,aqd*w.)gmi3 db1 yho as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3 q 5i*q+dtb w,+mapg5e.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of an1vlsv;l2;6 ;ivv0e8wyr cl atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same maywe0 sll 8a2n;;;rcvv1vilv 6ss?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to bws3tc)5t-z kldd899n z;fh abe 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?3nb85 t- kdzdz awf )tlchs99;   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temp+im0t3 n5ii ztld ib+6eratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer,wyq/ hfyfjya+e4+u4 (v2t- ix the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 tu yfi+yy 2hj+q4f/wa xve4-( $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bu6yte*w) ,qxof zow8 :+ lx0iv1agz.er ilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approxir-56mz4alx vlb+ag-x mately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Janua 6vl x+xr-mb5la-4 gzary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that aojx) /c(waf7rre larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A s)xw fro7(a/cj teel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 8 djc fotno/1,2tr2ka $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be it/ zjv0e49 bdues change in volume if it is heated from 30jd04 9e/bzeuv $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled q/(k4sn -c, p8zaxi bhto the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.x ;f j nr9:eeyx0uxugi0 )3kb,50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ri6ulqk 27wkysnu* r 6e :qk*l+fng made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expan,*t ajhwdvh d r**:ur)p7:q/aw1c1zly5gp b ad in essentially one direction onld*jpz1:agr7w cl*dua, pr)/1*h va yhw b5qt: y, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changexl n3080cwofs in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has 4u x r4gmv(e5tcoefficient of linear expgvxe4rt (um4 5ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isovxx s1.hfaz+4 tropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass aq94nml4y*h25 ui epftnd keeps perfect time at 14pn 45lhi*92yume t fq7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermo/p5; 7+unxz; xlaqetn- t o;gxmeter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vola+o tqex;;t ; /p7nunxz- 5xglume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatin a-6) xuftoo77ja*umrg about its axle on frictionless bearia 7utor -6ajo*fx)7mu ngs with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How mu)98(xv*v olyk( gsxmgch stress is required to vy9 kv*(xsg (lom8)g xkeep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steo(4:eu-r fvz5c bc/jya2q+,gi cvpa6 el I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 rkn)v ljedmybu 0+,+4cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin ;hcc*e;:qk3pz8pg t xscale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheis,nk*e/ hqf mi+-xhff8 x.9q zt scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the25i(1do xf:wfi x.ftg interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temp-m3 3dds682etn ceebmerature of about c t86esn32mbme e-3 dd20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal f*i-)a,vh1 io 6pjpqvgas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 gv/ 3/3sva kid ny4,nrkg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP couxkl,1/.w 2 nc/ bkorqt;s )3p*qbip* lkozz2ntains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at.rrs p4a6m; g0j.tun . 4whnxk 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container hou- cra8u,y ypb,dlg4dr q)22plding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 r db4yda ,pq-p22,ygl)cr uu 8K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 lsvzn:,f;ov,x -rn0d kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heayx;x z/rob95b2s w)mof p (ag9ting the air inside the balloon, which makes it lb b/zxy;f9a 9w(px som2og5r )ess dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15ri2*b7hzoo2d $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at ovxc26; - /jog1hcgbk2yzl)m18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ballodk ce2 ;01hhy,1uvoi )lspx )yon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecule1msm1yrmj (v7 at. ip1s / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How man s 2yxwoe3 (jf:puf46y (tyk,gx j8sw0y molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number vg70ybwl yf +:lx2xu8+m1o jy of (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1i*1dkq(ccc5 eu0)a 6plwnv*y$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you i hbu1; icb*bzc:xv- n;nhale that were also in the lastbi;:hccb;ux vb 1*z-n breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen mole.7jxe.hto0;jg7up o rcule at ST.txhoj.07 u7jo; gpreP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the dx g(su 8flir :ls3q:0Sun at a temperature of aboug( sl:rf0lxqud :is3 8t 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase i6 oi /1tvk+fhin+iw,5- hferhf the temperature is increased from 0 15fh-nkh+r oehfi,6wtii +/v$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following 0st*n0ecm8q nje:rc8i: l c8)v3f idvspeeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. sf3 t:8e*ecj m0 ln i):v8vqrid0cc n8$v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a g/2vp 3fwf*g km bu.z1cas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is d 9iwi f-+dg4yid*wt(a oubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor doww 94+f(iii -gtd dya*es $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given by 71f fp fs vsogi9/,podt+)qn6$v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases a ihfj *. iaq.c wn g/tt/lfk*h(a.*2kqt the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inver c .gktfi* .f ahw.qk*qn*ia //tj2l(hse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecu1k9hk, )) patcbx* guoz9a8awles contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of apb/ozr:; 5 sbgn oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrog 9*,o wu.igknz /vv7avuu ,.wmen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecularim p,q q4rh6bs;nh 1k4 mass is 89 u in a living celshb6; 4pr1ik n4hq q,ml at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressu6t7xchgy,t sax o1i(prx- 2i;re P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, m/pb2wfyq/)a p1hww koav w+b;n g96 0$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure,ash h6vej*4 0ss:asl n3;.v hb in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 azsp+ r*:8 bxwptm and the temperature is (a) 90 :p*r sw+ zbx8p$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew pointwr- xvo.417 jzqc ake3 (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is7 j43v -r qzxoackwe.1 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90h7f pxxdb3.3 d $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at aczc pjkk2 kn :3 72zd1qz*d3up particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which*nc 2:pkk 73zqzk1djdz32u pc water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of waujvj6(r/ 8vl9n tj)jyter is 530 Pa an9)6jljv r 8jjuyvtn(/ d the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperaq,e(zf ,f 9ng6y 2xml roj6nv7ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a presn d y.,3sjbu7,b3daqosure cooker if the water is boiling at a 3u,, bado.j7n y3s bdqtemperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room+pny*9l emxju0hkd ncs93 a)1qzk 0 (m of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew por 9+ zvh8 nz.1l+bdajwint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse7 f r;j:d xy q.(uniir3ao6ay- a distanc-.; dyunqf o7xr ia(ai: j63rye of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects d p:s sicv12nacl+c f9-h mt1-q+ w3kuto the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sec+-sci a12qpcw3h f:l +9vkmd1st-nc utional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure zjo41y qa 0o8uhas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has v/a plgm1 twyru nd3f7hi7*0 7been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. Hrq2nxmo :9 q 62 5j(uyqjq7mbhow much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cqu:or(mb 2nq62j q q5jh9my x7up are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure inwm8d7v .w.4 i,drdnk j i;2cys a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in ;.wd. ymircv2isnk48 jd,7 dw the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 17tairue(m6,x* - lt2qycbh:g (bjlmy; rz7g 3.1 m, and height( 2b ygg mzy(l rutq rbml:*61cet7; jxa-,ih7 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter t/w3 c :**sb6xltjnhdis about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available ghtzj.mdi ey4+2zd )iz4r8rx3 h tql/k;.yd 9 vacuum techniques is aboq8e;hz9 ryzhi.k ld 4)3zym+dd/xti2.jgr 4tut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fu590s62a5 erqo5iz5zdqek s-udh qok,ll capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volumei5 kz05 k-qhdeo,q6r 5qa5ueo 9sszd2 would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s ao n*m2;2eqb l d6-zylytmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a brigh2ol ld6n2q b;- *eymyzt blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increa )i ;cqs 5ndi;sn7(lzjsed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 74i dd4k6p*nzj70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known valuewxc2;qk+ab;g /v r a6n of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air mor26aw;kg /nq+;bvca xlecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules conta+zg 3r hzge6g)w*0gvhtr,r:g ined in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pr*)o)kgdf* czay+2-(5 su dtkgb,hhpg essure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa)( ) dg ,hkposfdb2a5u h gtz*-)*yg+ck and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats f ejgae19xk,7in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolindvnxv.bc czcy)i28);6 e(p w me at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snu( h/osd/a*7z8 sjqqg*o 7jruegly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tight6gb x,)18ofj q*ode efly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard,pmg59x )v;h ii adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has vcn3(b+i n hy4a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the us rkk-,+ fxdpq7d5*e Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertic/ bk21qb3mpgn(g6 uncally upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assumingqb3p/mgng k 2(1b6c nu they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubbls*thd hf79cxgvw ;2b.b3 n-oxe of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature i nc9 7soxh*vb-xh3 f .gdtb2;ws constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followi. 8sahar5sf9n0u hu r*pa::qing two days: na05ar:us:hr9*qas uf8ih . p
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at ST-m 56lji)krfel/d ir:P, and when it is a solid deem r-rli):i d5l/ kjf6ep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease