Which has more atoms: 1 kgj7d 5gutu 4-(.ka 7qb+7ovv mrgn7lld of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Append7 +(km7lv 4b75 uqo7a du t.jngv-rlgdix B.

Name several properties of matec,9j1u.bc3jjhv3 mer0d8)vt 0y sbsgrials that could be exploited to make a thermomete80 .r0t h gv3suvcbemc9j,1syj bj3) dr.

Which is larger, 1 Crlumm6s9vw 68 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal ()de)oa(/s8v-e/pqc enpqn s equilibrium with system C, what can you pae(veq8s/ n(sed) co)p-nq/ say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consist:wnnvah 7*w9gtga37 zs of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outsi9hwzv7 naa7nw t*g3 :gde of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansio:gmd2j kwii52n $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple t 8j lhesxug3(6f s4hq/mbye+(bcs88b hermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace 4h yhbgs8bjefu8s6q+bmex (sc8/ 3(l and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a (jn6f 4mhget4z5 fo8ndw/ bo4section in the shape of a U4h4o(6oe mgfznn b54jdf8wt/ . Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flu b0ar4xf+xzqey* . d 60npy.ioats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermo gf6elm8,puqkh 5g9x3meter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially desce83eg q56u fx,g hlmpk9nds a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is h i u3acn:5g)sheated or cooled more rapidly thgchna5) :3isu an adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pll:-(c1btok l yrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). E-l(kt 1cbo: llxplain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, a/r+qa.m 57dn a p-3pjscwm;wvccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom o1d)p 8j fe/upand top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has f/dpjo 1pe8 )uhappened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (sayn om 5mogjx( zb)dfs+b ;5/gvbzvx1iue9,3(y, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike 5(n ,zvxob93 i( ;g vbgmdsofmeu) j5y1bx /z+the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged i/h:/fbupscd1j:fz2 wu ;owf3n water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 20 /bf3 fhodwucpu : /s:21 fwzj;$^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from ki . 0+faz9 xknvms 8j;u+nw0cninetic theory and the relation between average 0xm;n+ + wfn9snji.acz8 0uk vkinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussa q0/xiw, +/;k6sagl.gr lkavb c’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s( 1jy6) eyaivx atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an o3 a wy1qds8los5d z .wrw4qy1)bject must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon isdwl8roawq.q5s 3y s1w d1z)y 4 about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temper)rcqf 3e9/0wg)rmnsf ature. What can you infer about the molecular prrq/)09f fw)gsne3c r moperties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable thaw(:a ;cm;qacb)xk h3 nrpyb/ kex118 gn a hot dry day at the same temp1gkcwx n;bk) aqry;ph( 1a/mc3:x eb8erature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatureim(z2 n; jg8nm (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity iye1a9/x zlbtw-6 8pau24j kuis different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Expl bjtz2-/x6ewk8i a9y4ulap1u ain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the r g2rf pj,i ,q6*acyn5zadiator cap of an overheated automobile engq,caz *ijpy g,fr65 n2ine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud dlbn3b9 z6j:w-:zzao in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there x.u1 qe83j* 0wqqcpqu-qq4 ip in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring c n1zh e1/3eokj0iv2yq ompare to the number in a silver ring of ty3o1v1njz/eiqk2 0hehe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the C q*zmo27t;sghzc3 k7oelsius scale?7 273 c omt*zhozqk;sg   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowesh eybw1s2+;s ct temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the a. kqw7yg0pbm4z+z8d slcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 sbp.7 0 84+kzzdgqywm$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is glo;o)ns1jc9built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–2rs q-/c7( dokks*vza 99) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January akq*d-r sz/7 (co 9vks(average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are largec,gqd 01j /zfoqu.fh2r3 ukj 3r than the rivet hole are often used and the r h,c0zfr3o ukdqg13q2/ju f. jivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water .1nazcohp(/ ())qt /shm t99 wxou ooeat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What wiodk;o t(f;7pd 4+xcu kll be its change in volume if it is heated from 3dk7xo t ;ok;(4u+dfcp0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to thexj.px+y) lgl3yxipr v:f n.;.y2bdqt l29o: s brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5cq4nn(nyj8wgl r, ;f05.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a r-r p)+4r ats rigo(rtxrc ujg 5*s-28king made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow ve6uz)kf-p k;, spajal ;7pn za3ssel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expans pkz p ,7anaklf 3uj)p6a;sz-;ion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changen(.gqi .p*uqnr qe n+qeuz2o8iwb 5,, in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of l2ion r ;7-xff fa ,3-nannus-9cl;jatinear exp ;t nunx-f793oirf;casnn a-,j fa-l2ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropil3 ff6(b+bwxd k14cj hvc-eb*c solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grap*b. o/ )bgiklndfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1 l/*)kgp. bobi7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside dia)vzrsk;ai f4 .b)lw) zmeter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volu.))sz lfz;bw)4 akrivme of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0ydrs)u 8 * xe /nlg+z.m xwo02(ewqai/.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular ve()y0e*qmzexa+xg l 8 w.w2suid/ /onr locity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much strvv).wsq d:go:0z ae7vq4l wg.ess is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases tvlo.w)qg4v.:gzae d:ws0 q7 vo 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.0ykub9,* o)xn*/dkbl t41$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 204c,qlk : vkw 35yofz.w$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followinsam)w/ +r wch8rhj:l *g temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperato w+nii j:v:i8mv hv5/ure on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are at a s7k+ ,hf(wadymdb7h fq(lm r0(15nbout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature:+7nz/wx bu.bw0o tez of abeoub0w /.zn 7:b t+xwzout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas la +tibxrjg +9l (pl5as10pb +cgw.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6+/o v )qqxnwgbjw* 8xwd6 w/6+ 5peprl kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 1 x+ z7r2h2k/x nhs+iop8.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium qa1z p 05q5z qdmg6c2sgas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container 3std gxpblzg,as*;hlv. +g73holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?g,s*3azx ;pdgvslt.g b+3lh7   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0v17a7ipktu -*mje le1 kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating673i z e(u7v8qhots dl the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose tht 7l37hs(ie8ouvzd6 qe volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with aid)/bo b9: tq,lroqu n)6 ox,enr at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1c(bz)uubs39a 8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea levelk)j-o7n, nvty and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / x 8vr5p7tugau lsa,x334qr:q $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water a4.s;ae5 gfllq a 2an8ti:4boqre there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moqem));ivv86a*8 taq yio gp b(les,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.150d9hz suat,q6k)2yy/e ivc t$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-v mvehnwp:0,8 rti.x-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hi0e.n,v t - :xip8rwhvmnt: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averaykh47at4 i )n; zo/rfage translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPr;nh az4t) y4oa ifk/7?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heliumo0+to(e,+a -ho pm(lola+wk q atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 60++o -( looha (qkm,lwap0toe+ 00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the te zd (59uzdi7fr.q7lavmperature is incfl57vz7a(. d i9 zrudqreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unitcif sarin6ae* )+4 vbjy e.*g4s of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate tesijr6byve .a)f*4* g ai+ c4nhe rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules w59bk.vy u5xy vl kvu+b,0 .swin a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constan )+pfpvyly o(+t, by what factor + yy+p pvf)lo(does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed ovy 0io qa ni21,eb8z5of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at 7gzmfb 4s 4qx1the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to xsgbz14f7q4m the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen ml 0, 62nsyi7 n6blnway;,pskoolecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moleke u7msh -ywp* ,g,b7owlcp2ns8c/dgsvz -85cule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mos,yt40g/ m9i, e)go4 gtyolvqlecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose m--+bdsz8 qd qub4kw k6olecular mass is 89 u in a livik bd+qwk qzb-d8-64su ng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gh+2b+ ekm ,e2xcv15x 6xxsu ipas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,y4l ;53xx 7a yzlh7nct $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressun8 evbk jqy-/t*g./x jre, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure bfx zw(x + jal5m3gd()is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) b)(fw+xa5 mzdl j (gx390 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximay0)7zcne: o5cilng *ately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25 y )c c*o5i7ngaznl:e0$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place w6cdk br/z k +1j iv)s6c)isjc)here water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place iygg8s1 ;q i1uy 1l(evvdgqep) n02x2pn the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temeyl1;1)0egg pv ypqd s qx1u22ingv8(perature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of xgsl 6l, ch;(u.qg/mdcb9f :iwater is 530 Pa and csgqc6;f dl :/9.bm (hix gu,lthe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day4-tr i*x jms4b when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insru( ohl/u+lyre..9b dq .q y;wide a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of y. .oy;el(uwr 9+/ql rbud.hq120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in auom mts:r2f6a+k -9u d room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pr/k7t2:yvhi irar00zj g ,9 ldw16krj oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for emmcq( v5b9h.hn9w v:4y ppc+a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distancc+n: vcym 495.v mqbw(he hp9pe of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of ins 6f ep(lnf ++c(xtnu(vects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An aveln6u (t+ nv cpffe+(x(rage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratedm 3xgu h6-r5: eo.qrzv at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been c 6ohrwyt6-)gqmpg*nx +:9 im lalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibratr9 0wm50dsi2, 3qo t vzlwcn-ned at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 9n20rd mqzn-5v0w3 icswlo, tmL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is init5z/51fmoldx t 0lv0t +l m.gebially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains vxm +0lgde m55t1ot0/.lbzfl in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.; h /:bhgxum3ini-gj6 ,daqv ht4vy ob0sm2051 m, and height 2.h46qb jbo/vau m0 mhin3y ;0d5:2tgxgs, iv-h5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom pa:*p 0:nh8wemej5 7m5 locpc der $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the b4sb53hmm rph 7tx8uh- est available vacuum techniques is aboup48mxhh hbmrt-3s 5 7ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L whenba/,w p66wejw +hs:n jyue 2l/ 10 m below the suan,ewpjswl : / hj uw6e2by+6/rface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon ente f/*rcelq-2g ers Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bri c2fegeqr-/*lght blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increerc3s3 nmkf 4j mecr;vq5w 55,ased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume 3fov 9nluj /n(of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric p;ll4kw qa 2 j9ne-1iaeressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air mole;41ik eq ja2wa9 -lelncules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of dj ,kryu ( tc)ca6l5(e k3h,oynitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used )( wtz+fpu;kq in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) andkzu q( pt;f)w+ at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury atdh 7 x)(k*g0s)n dmdzo 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline e (c n3uye-*l/hta7j 5h:vuun9tmloep m/): aat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fiti(i g4diuv.x6 3zxs, c snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a 5xbwkab(3j )i 3 mb.bc86hw2xjgrd 2cglass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stando6uqn9*,zo gha m1o: tard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 at6rj9nmw6m 4ubv1 a od/m at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fro pv.dwxe xue;o.,x 34bt+zw6e m the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspend6 ucffw,)9 ulded against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the f)cwfuu l9d6,lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releasemnhtkrm 90**i ghn2h8 s a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature h92*8t*rnm0hg i hnmk is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the fokkor)/e) ; jv/i l,:hz+clhblllowing two days: ,:rh /z/; +jko)clie hvlbkl)
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent diff+is hz-;q4 bofu74fynd8 * umzerence in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deepz74qzu ;s4 m*-f byf iuhdn+8o in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease