Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron (vvrr2loq4u- or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix B-qvv (l24 roru.

Name several properties of mabiz e-0+0cukkh k7 )hdterials that could be exploited to make a thermomete0zke7 kdi)k+hbuh- c0r.

Which is larger, 1 C 3giv yad*39asay3: cc$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal e,jm/d24.xog7tiqlrn ; c2bi dquilibrium with system C, what can you say abou. 42clji t; dqi/ndgor 27,bmxt the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of)9siejk6bi zr0mb*4b lueb e.-1 k b4q aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: S4q*b i .b6lju4rbb91si )zekek b0me-ee Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficie(iqv x37jsd)1t;4 jopg-y9 5rn f78 mldyez iwnt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram ofib /mdym n l+kqaaw,934/0./ shqqdn l a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals q0klb /a9,3+ /mm wanhis dynq/4 dlq.bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in th221c 6hogms/ h4ek(qav i8t uye shape of a U. k 84u62 i/ camvoy eh(1sqt2hgWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mtzp/ s)*gkac:ehe3h.u /pl:g ercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer isyq**p e.cmg2zzf+ ,h q-dl ic2 first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercu*phc,+*qi2c.q e2l- f zmzdgy ry initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rh(zzfbbrf.,)e 9y ;( unti r okkrzh,3 2:wba3apidly t bnakh:f( .i3zzw)y h2r( t 9k,burf3oz,rb;ehan adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex gga6 khhs7 (6wllass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordin6hw sk76l(hgaary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurj4 nnei :f(4oaate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottomqnsuj7o9;s(w and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happened?js9qn7o ( ;wsu

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its te j 1o93;ddx5srfn vo*,sy *bkamperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting whdkyr*oj , f1b3ss5x*9;n o davat happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alu h9 b** sfp:rh2 nxd;czu--gouminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased 2 o;* hfxn*-uc- gsu pdzbh9:rfrom 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and:tqms( o95fvns 7gf(y2aa( xp the relation between average kinetic eneraf2q a:(noy fsvpt( 59g sxm7(gy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’sje ys/1n1 4u.b1 w5ax1;r hmdpnino+i law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmospherec4(o:7vxg8 tk1 3zn en)f1jbvc/msvi, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum s8taxb tximr(3y cg5+ 7xrs- y4peed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has xmy7x +8 -at tr3x4byir cg(s5practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. qkd:c*w)v (4e oxxwyru/6we7What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to th)k6 x*vecxw7yqr ud: 4(we/woe other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry daj5s 9pm2 2irify at the same temperat29pjm 5rif is2ure.

Is it possible to boil water at rg d.x.ofi/ fp2r;n;qwf kc. p.oom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperatur )yt4 ,gpjkac4e is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry ait g4jp4k,yca) r or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to n*r0gtbo 8,c,/tr *m(bb oj twopen the radiator cap of an overheated automobile en w8btm,oro c g0b/t*n,j(trb*gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little wh6ik+,d))x9 :tcb3ov umrde ayite cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram cop2qz. ljwoj4 t8+toytdz :-/otper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms56 ump*gjdae / in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver rj5pdm/ 6u*ge aing of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scallhs1v *f 6eux,e?1lf ve6*uh xs,   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperagua3s(awnl-p c*8 *iltures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 7;(svs1,6wdzf7p (r gk lrllt0.k (fz(l6gtrlwp, sl d7s;r v170 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m log)o) h3f c zy4eo,j3ii ewf7m4ng (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) h1tvc2jfjn ;m0v,dvk 5ut4z; is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (av 45kjuvvtjnd,z;1h2 mvc 0f;t erage temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger tee(g*ytdv3 dp8 r,8a9e x8 qz,ly pq4hhan the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be pla z ( t38, ,deedpgphx*4e8qyalryv8q9ced in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 /jrkpeslp.bf */9 4:d4z nacr $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its cvrpf2h/n;pn fjzl f: *yz /e43hange in volume if it is heated fnfp/ y34z2f : hn jezvp*;/frlrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0t+4 2 ii* apr 6atqrei:qjn4*n o/ipq4$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mLwpu,5-.m lfrw of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iroi22yjam0iv p+ e15lyp xc 8g7dn. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiall- nwsdo4t ,ka.,om2b oy one direction only, show that the effecti atm,k-d42noo.ob ,wsve coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in tir/896is j5z.pc+bvr n yq)c*-sfm tq he density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of licmo0 fh/ g7i3ength l and width w has coefficient of linear expighm ci3/07fo ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sols h,e2u4 -nq diu5osv/id, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and qyyq-bd dhy8,h1* edak2m /c.keeps perfect time at 178qkbyd/ dce-1 *ahmqy .yd,2h $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury i2j onpf8hqc*7v/b, uthermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a hn ,v*cfobjp 8u/2 iq7volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating abou (zyp5 j7m-ciu7k.bmo t its axle on frictionless bearings with angular i myp( 5z mbkjc7o-7u.velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length whe ce/sl46vf lb)4dv ec(n at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the tf be4le)l6c( 4sc vdv/emperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cros.x)nf b g+iuc9s-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at o0v3ve4 erw r320$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following6lic 5 hipeya 08y+m gm/l61j)vt je2t temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahr rdoe 8(:jqnt7k01pp genheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperaturesajkgotnf 6 /l1o:0t0o in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at at0h0:u ul+ze wamospheric pressure and a temperature of aboue+:zhau luw 00t 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP uskqofo.1o)wqc/eb os k+0xg 08 ing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen ,7fo7f(yhi ;lngp 1nn ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP ct.) ibsi; t3 *-kel*po(qurjjkjs1b 7ontains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliu psv.aq2upt* 1m gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L conta9bie*8ge; e,tbzn t0riner holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at trgb0e t ebi8;,*n9ez 385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k1y* 79ey s6 a4cfbvangox i2+ldz-b2 u+g9rs ug of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lisc h- j)ov,z sgzpp-s7to-- 4eft by heating the air inside the balloon, whi vpc-ssepog --jh7,z-oz4) tsch makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wit .(q+yc /6gzwlkwe j2rh air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 /h1 5r m kfbc6o1x4xpo$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at seaia 7 53p,hrlfg level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules p;q5/rkcb9 c zly6bw9 / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mole 9n2qxk :do9zfcules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mole:7nk s x2 l:+c fqdf:tsd3:gvxs,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum*q.fh:6qz/z -pfyljf e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.04(ouksa8 6toj zg5d, f-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is abo,a(tg 5 o8ksudzf6jo4ut 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinexsm0x7vqef99 1m8 leotic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?ex 8 97om 10emqfvslx9    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near tkwt dx0+;hhfl d7. (ltbb,d h*he surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K. ( .ht*k,bflwt0ddl7h bd+ x;h   m/s

  By what factor will the -x6 4ge(nhnw 0r/d5ws h:gobb rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased s/-(dwwgn5og40hxhe6b:nbr from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, giveg -cxpijqc7r,rz f (.iy0- i uwl6;1rnn in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the xu ii(,fq-;p cc 0i wgyrl7r.zj61nr-rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molec :z+z qc2rhui13 +t1f8gjnseh/opjt 3ules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by ) lu7i)khdhtl 9b9w4v what facti9bvuhl97w )hldk 4)t or does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of wrc (;n 2h+(8zth nyfpmolecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, ths vn e 0slq6*c5/vqr:je ratio of their rms speeds is equavr 5q* 0:e/lj6sq scnvl to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of ni*/l nx jlxik6:9y-bkzx9/vt ktrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 3. 6.a mthqoj8*bmkx x$^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distann5bo uzs00xe 2ce between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed 7jk 2kqnxfvel 93-be0 of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell 7fb 2k- e9qx0lenkv3j at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be d *(wi9.lmtufwritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urani6w tga/f2iep) um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressurxuq -0(fm0cd(km2f mre, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when xq:7xqaoi0vqup9hz 4-8q - co the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)v-zu7xahoq9qc8 :0q 4xp -iqo 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day wh.zx:xu /p:6obrdgr * ken the temperature is 25* :. bgk/: urp6zxxdor $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boi ;:rirber/-p u+uig 3ols at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a pv ilc3-asx.7q ,9r orparticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wat 3pv.7ai sorq c-lr,x9er boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on r.hj+x3+mesitj4k) a7ea) cp a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%? 7rshej)xiajk3a)+c.4pm+te $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the t6nzd)p8y q z4et2 r*ye vzpx0;emperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressur2/k ks;t*ppr me inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling* ;/k rpm2tksp at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumug8wpqvw5+akjb4a /6 lh6/fdvuy y++e 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 z*0f 3uq6 j)kdi/anvj$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time neede1+ne1d useq :xs4ph 5ed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dist1s+n54e hxqpdeu 1 s:eance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interi ajgxx3xp/37m fdz9/ sor through tiny tubes called tracheae. Afgxx/jxz d 97ms p3/a3n average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has bee0pycd.1c 0u/93k2fsy tqm azhn calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrat+pe dbcac6z9 y by7))bed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup*x c jt(zt6(cl n1zd y5ggwuj./eiq2+ *g7ro b was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup a.qt+/ne2y 5grgd z gzit*j( oc6*wb(jl71cxu re hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Aftyo4dsk b9)ec+er many balloons have been blown up,9ocbs)k yde+ 4 the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number ofkid48l pf 1y+v air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m8yfkv d 1p+li4. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about o4m, zauf6te :5r sphv(ne atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attai(mkm1tze pm(-gx5hq .nable using the best available vacuum techniques is abou.p- qeh1(kmzmt(m gx5 t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fu5iu e9*f e foo8adri39ll capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose 3uei9 oafdfei985ro * to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of 6a cxv ju1n;:mabout 40,000 kmxjucn1:mv 6;a/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas iswg+v gam) (w+k increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofp z3ju* zq)b*h 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at ztv9p6j/m)ohryifd*s c q *uv )8 ap.9the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in 8 9*iumdfz)cqt ah */rs9jpp.vv6y)o the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a n11sheit 8 ur75pt*boy ,tnb6 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital i /sn)c2by.px has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259ib /xn )2c.yspK How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury aw-;tc 2vem.-b2w lx am/jxgt.t 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinif9l jhkmi,w+de -(z(e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s eqq1vop xr.yu- ec*n uogav: 09(uator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onhhlgzwc)*( 6 gto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, qdds 9tjvi p64c3+. . 7cibyr;lw4zyl adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressurecs m4j4i*qk*7 ngeqh5x s3e +a of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thm( :re8boxz.uz lt.a *e Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended again+d8zt 0hzc1jxst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How man1z8x+hj0cd t zy tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spheric-4vj fib+), 6gw8w3bej rocaoal) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large i4j+-wc6ig rwabv 3,e 8obfo)js the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on f8 1 8she.smbrthe following two days: 81.m ehbs8srf
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a *sy2a mw3j x2lrw.he0solid h. ls a20m2x*3wejyrwdeep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idea z*cjew rh8b:6l gas at constant pressure, the coefficbw86jzh* : ercient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.