What is the best definition for ngp0+ ;ws0nnda species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, I(r ae9;ycc6pzz( .cnx taly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What isqntmo6rv2 ozh+6ai2: Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fac i +qozn6a62:mthvo2rtor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve ofj clqu;355)zxr-ps hy a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistoazw ih sv;tu+ho76 0.usoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripesy7q8dhai3+8wjt r4 pq that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democrat88 dw+pt4qajh 3iry7qic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of orgf9-d, n, h-wcm*r srdfs nps0(anisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolvesklv ,6xyli* .rc6u hb; occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netvlcr6. ,;ibu l hyk6x*herlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflelpdlk3gc2nr d ) ;7c(vcts the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead 8gzl3d o0mp +h7wd0ohplants and animalg0ld o7+8z hho m0dp3ws.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup o/lmw - g3km;jdlu equ)cqu;4*f toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer w25e*k9,c nxb1ifb/xn)ajh s dhale, polar bear and other organisms live and inter/x* b ,x29ds1c h)jniakbe5fnact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form ene f0v.be zmd46srgy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with higv i5fr 8-rb hvx2q42c7xv1lklh productivity, despite inferlv4q1vlb v f25kir-xc27x 8hr tile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct desc1( *naz6pdk e(hg e7wh4atr)ms e50dkription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing dyx+ xpgf1u ()kigestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymegypfxx1+u k()s break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiv: iw.vzffrw;yfxc ./x c;q(j :ation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used d7ydx* qhlqf39vko6m:79 t 7+yzs b orfor pyramids of energy.

  List three factors thaprwf/c1ex7m+ t could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 an c7ex/+mwrfp1 d Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures ( uog-1gbibtb3ktw/*s3ea 5 s

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syk -mm)witiiu16o84ypn ed4 p)stem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a flrw.2v 5pax5+ 9v crqsmall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are matrc 5 wv f+avlprx.29q5ure and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terresxm+ak6 c 51yybtrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foox:s 9zqop5o.t0 3 pptkrc04ihd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals fee2d jg6hw4v l9sg y16ned on the carbon compounds producel9y4vhewjsn g gd6 126d by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: +xkki2i-jtp;


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the moveme;n;s3ebr l*qont of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best des1:u*udwvij,r 38 pesgcribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-livingjr8ps: u*ve3,g 1idwu organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramidus) 8sx*x ca)v of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and itsd.s/ess lqs 1er2 )qo/ prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlor 0-sqzq ru(7)lmeir0doethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic cm+4sl:ai )ao;pbs(tcloh /bix ,g)6 mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements areo/+mt (hia ab:;os4lg, )6sxcc bpli) true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example ofdxjfeufitmtw x gx77) 7:;n ). transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sylus;gp+/qg01;5tsw mer*un xstem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cha5ozp o5xqn pp7 7igtegwb;1)0ins




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of theymt c :2w.i+2rwvj ,zp* yk7nr n:ha*e following statements is false when discussing a pyramid ofny inz : *w2 w,t.me7rpca2yk*v+rj:h biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enem85l+ qc ;: gy78 0dzxlqbkhcrrgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing producs 5ihh/6gsc 9rdg9sg 6tivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wegf+voctk t:9 ))ffffh8zqi.7b


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in aejw4jw1 k.b3c soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accuratelye:t xkx-5e5qi describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers t*.qdl w*bx,a8lckt7 ylgi/l vf f51)jhat could exist in a savannah system with paras/vd ak,b7tl.)qc ll *81lj5figxwfy* ites on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly fuo1kokcw86m**uw:*fv9ivu1 :yb5 i o bup-afrom the options below.What is k:kw*uv:8y5cb1u-mv 9ipu ibwa1uoffo ** 6o Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as i qkp c.gr8p;,an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form e/.xovtu (z q;ynergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the9lp;d/g3-7 pvosk tza4y n0 ou air to carbohydrates4; ypk u0-ldzosvn 9/go73t pa.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the a53f9/o ;cjg z pgchu*e.dh,cftmosphere to other carbon sinks. c;dp uchf 5c/zho9*.,3jgefg
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires lyzo3ncmqr8.* ) y )yjthe longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy ik8yh ;ro)t zdz7*g-*eyclu 2vn an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that arerkueg 46ic;4s true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondaqp idxn54uy l x.6g qdpur015sw 9))ecry Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of q17:nsoxl x-3btry a/9ab9 j othe marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through thlo3pod*8rj.,v , -n z qsetfz8e carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in3wm oiee..iatzy7n: -; l,l if an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrz.dc*pq-zb l3 estrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement t7eaxy 8k. wjn9((5 zozudu1nwhat is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-iuailo 46 fknsujaoi /, 4a79q-nduced effect on the nitrogen cycle.qu a9,s4af -aj noik 4o7ul6i/

  Figure: Average per cainh.--1pt bdu4ec4j :e*th .s jqrz 1ipita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession ld2av6ut.0b 5o n.kwoprogresses from a pioneer community to a climax communiw uvb5l2k.6at0do n. oty.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the j3r8c9 +nlvrbfollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capital)bc( yml3 9co)pn pq: $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in wav*fx pltwg4ob2 0e.r5 ter. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginn5fotp rgl4.2e*wbx 0v ing of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stora,mq/aqlm 137 i1 qmufdges & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020 e ) zb,pr9v/f-ehdflb(m,dac:h 8 1sk


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bi;a69 irt5vf :yjy:qm qome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, ;)1tabkfkazdncb(-k+ko( x ;jk 5 ljy3o5ye; Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or moresnhf*rq 3 wb48 statements from the following.n 3*srhfqbw4 8
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical vm(fjm: 5,e mtvariables. List the main factors that charv,m(5:tje f mmacterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the u5 fb1ta2byu*lo q4 g,rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statepybz-x /yqk 46ment related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph.s1wg tp+7lpy qn) w*gny7bllz 1q p64 of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biof v ;o*dzex.ngimz5gtpj+7wj4)/w ylp. w 5.c m poc 5.i.t4 f;jew )zgyjg7pwxdmw/+v*n5 . lzes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPl*s p2yew l q21ajr3b+wyo5e-P and NPP as primary succession progresses fr bs2w yo*yrle jw5ep32qa-l+1 om a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not co 1sq(e8;fuwqfrrect in describing the changes in productivity during prima(1w8;sqefqu f ry succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measurekbd .b6 )cjx y5/hj4e1 5wppq-tc6frqd using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tempekj c25fey- mrua.*hl4rature on the rate of photosynthesis yl*-u2aem 4fch k5j.r



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a f,h iu;bf33u+p : siykkield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of inseqftp0do69cj 4jpce 83ct traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of wcqej9 p4 p6d0fj3c8o thich 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important rsi4op9 qqv +tgi19g:to take multiple readings of the s9vqrtqpggis9 1io :4+ame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological 5de )2yr80sp yvhrrtdt+; qh5sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples o5vcvw7oth2w 7 f Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data forfnqzsm 7bn0 ie1,y 1g9 species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling technidqeslc(8m t7o s4j+t)a y2h 8qques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimenly7htsdq2 c)e4q+ t (s88oajms.