What is the best definition fory5 ju :87vslrf a species?

  igure: Climate graph of R/hiv 0, c 5;bydx :)yoy1wsq51hhim rcome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is3q j 8 pydf+jac.m7u:z Factor 1 ;Factormpd7 fq zy+c:a.j83 uj 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popul9b1fq* 2yut6xgzlsx3begg0 6ation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosombo xzk.ekd ,,7c.r+tua species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripe/7cy sydjsh7n k)fs61s that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed,sy7) f 7y/ ckssnd1j6h but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a poptltb o, (i*h2oulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Nov w 1ypw1 t,dw(0l mrbudhi-w0tj/+f-rth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land aretl0-j/uwi +by rmv(,phf0w1w d1tdw - a in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best rw.hm-8z(lugg n wg1y+eflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the ;g1u q3rhal) aoc0hwx9n.9c nremains of dead plants and anima3w)9;naol axc r n g0cuhqh91.ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainiqg l) do4np,7s


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killerur i/o5d-mlg 9 whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other 9d/-u5i olrgmin the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosysteu; e ;o0z:wvbnms.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a larer.at0s 9kbouopmf7 m0)vc 7sv5h/ .gge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been knoe97. p)usorsmf/0a5 ck7bv. hmtgvo0wn to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chep 81:nce3 w p5 1+haqn7njtqqain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into tqha)bhk 7sebe-j ,t(,heir surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi the 7k)h(a ,besteqb-hj,n absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiv 2)6n;zyxcd oration system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids,tm +l.yzn :nrl..eyal6,we r+m 7gzo of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a smm,6j;7 vnggxa-h.v +xwpk1 -7wej vw pecies' niche.What is Factor 1; Facto 7jn kv6g7;e-.vm1p, -mx xwghj a+wwvr 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatu e2yf xnst70 bwl)5t, fv4oh+lres

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivationoon sn 1r75i/y system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that remw ig.klxf45x*p-* cmn 8b ke0semble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic R*-fgn4 kxki mx5 w 8m0ce*bl.pepublic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description (kr uscg (k9f uui+33jof energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wxh+vbc0i o m5fi4h 2l 0x)bc5eeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon co: v ih: b6tu jm(4jjcpxj.bn1i:f(*ejmpounds produced by zooxaubj :bj(. c mv4jj1f(:jte6ihp xn i*:nthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical s9zfj -c(g1hgreaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diag2)m3vmytjz ( qram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best desc3xpz4fkx tc)*/sf (p cribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and the/t3s4kz)f x p *pcfx(cn break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pz4hyk/eqm,+u iik,j 1dm+z . yyramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a prv7subuc6 vj 0h+fwp2+edator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroefzm1af0:d7 hathane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available sxpr93.om)n cveawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placer)mn. 9o cx3pvd it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformati +lqlx a ebxlbp3.wve4go vx8m)+7 h,;on.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion.2p7 .zk ifrkoenr).f system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup ofj(d 4 skipar9bti6 +w8 toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing aw)xjvg p bql (vms/zw/ xcpy3/2n/-/o pyramid of lgpy / /x/ /v)z/c3s(wm jxqvw-bn2pobiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of e*eqd i+5nl0euq-(/bc u w/gznnergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representin hab-edgk 3txu(o *j j3inqk90zf*++bg productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web s/mw si8z c;s)


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in50:tb h oam6mf a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately u2l zqurf2k:zbj 0*6br0 8(q q btgw.tdescribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist i;jjo:dxvep8dl/p : 0pn a savannah system with parasites on a pp0vd/:j elx;:d 8pjo consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly freeqji7g+nam u0)h 9l13l9zcuom the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respir 7+0eail1l3ng ezuum q9h)j9cation?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insectici6* ernd b;p a9 i9.kmriru7oz6de.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosy* vuqb ne7y8b2ff 6v*kstems.

  State the name of the processvucq4av; n60dm2s3sr 91df qf that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyq2rnvcaq130f m 4s;vsfu96dddrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. :ncqf-1 ircr/e3qi5p1qc cirq:pi/ 53en-rf
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires thb.jeae ww -eqh:jzbml0b) ,4(e longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an xt+ux4du uh 6)psm 7wouf39e6ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thhevugdyuz/w i* xw 2sm2,t) (/at are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be caln8ddx e i ;n0q7/bo 1,hg0ozllculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carboqi pp1vp8lam.uu rogbu 3+33 on3 o)h(n cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throughop;3-7cdnouu qdb n26i+6f z o the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosysmx4gak;(j z )rtem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestriavt nmmr6jr) zvj09zin0c 5 g4s fq/l:,l ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that t;l0mo ax,)r do/u)gc is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on thedxc02 js4 j4pqb ml,-e-lap ie3)j2xd nitrogen cycle. 3 m4d e, px04d-ljbx2plj)-q jis2aec

  Figure: Average per capibo n9rfr286( 0qy )wkdus0gthta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP aswix4ixx7rp8* c7.u fj primary succession progresses from a pionc xiw xp4.iu8rx7f 7j*eer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transpreva43lz+y ,n4f7 vo formation.

  Figure: Average per 3afvw d) mx08g7/6itjvazm5 wcapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using (mhrav d)lku i(8bzv8 ,t)3qfsrl1 1 xkeu1k,bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved3shr 1 t vv(8(kmrflu1qkke1iabl d8zx))u ,, oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annualpc9 i*b6pzb jq,epdk 3 wx2n6( flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regionz 4fo.8xh 6t zl;mtdjw2n+f*t 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for ahaj) hv9gxl882:m gmqw py(;qx,b(q a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph oxftsmf 0.bxdy.- 9xa .f Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "p3ujk,/p8cogz p p5d4 x :*2abuv4jcb zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the followick3ud 8g:upj ao z b4b2 /pc5p,p4j*vxng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns a:ec;q+91adu mxq3axobh+ 5fi nd other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomef aqm;u ob +3dic9xxa1+hqe5:s.

  State which is not a desngeg. / tb6qi1o;vl-icription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystpcqo 6 efs2ibq2j:cnvm 3v72.vu *i( qem.

  Figure: Climate graph of R (-uza *qt9r )m*vxazrome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivo aqgxdg.u t.d;j5qhovql9 7;: uf3: pares in different biomesagd. advquq9.l:hu5p ot ;3qgfj7 x;:


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP 1tb5 7yx-zva ubts9 u8and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a cli51u7a8ttb - vs9xyzb umax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing tmhh.mh -6sq*nx1u / dahe changes in productivity durin*n./xh qsm1d au-mhh6g primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured ,4t 0mxcpb4y8vphg; dusing a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tempeiif9 -k7ph t6brature on the rate of photosynthesis b f67ti 9-hkpi



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in av81qg);rqir ;2xjdhx field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of; xe lkjy.-q+ bth/w4n beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day thet-k/wb .e4hj ln ;yxq+ traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to ta 4+k33i;j a+))mqwxh ufzzsmtd;+y nzke multiple readings of the same factor dy fjs3 x4);at3+;zqm)n uk+ hizzm+w.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment uszwdj(gl y w-9asb*1p/ed in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creicdcru;j(liyq; . po ,uth2(*ek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sam i)i ry9 hkt( f6psym;) ndr,m8b3fr*kpled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques ysjk q4 pmw(w( -zlwfb3 ftr es:nncr/i) 242-is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimkcjrzi-: pm f2yq)432 sew( w rf(bs4t ln-/nwens.