What is the best definition for a s7 a5*a3tmw el6tfl2wg5rcw4kpecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, :*zy ta4vb -n9khc(yg(tre:z .d pw*gItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a sx5li9/ zfrgv-6xh ohn( 7hrc.pecies' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2r/h 9nz.cx-vo(xlg7 5 rf6hih;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatit8hdl fbj2/p ;on


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schisti(s6wt;nlz /emz pm6yvt 5 uc7:0sn;g osoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes thatlz, lo19 jzo6m*( i2md+d gemp resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of tree, z m(d2do6g9mzo*jpll1+mei s they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of orglt e kwa13s,np7tl s)3 w6ed:x,ag7wzanisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally inn hk)el8 ohu:w obmd+2g:4-e jd)n7em North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domesti)+ 82kl:m4onbhj)wdegd :7em u-h one c animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of 2*0szp*c+*h jrigg uoa population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and a shx-04xibnlgx3)ym5 wa.8 -j3 oqtcvnimals.hc lx.4ojnmbs5 w qx)ivy8 3t3- a0gx-
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chax.5 lseyk epsh hwkq59(4xoty0xd8q;y3q o9,ins


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organis.r7 rdqsb 2;m8jgig; jms live and interact with each other in the cold watersjri.s jdb8g m2g7q; r; of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost ftuc7-ohdlzr j + fi+75rom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with hi8tbyuqa+i5 p 7gh productivity, despittp+iy8q 5ua7be infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chav0.mzz3i nc(uin.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing dige) (foctnb+io8stive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead andct(i8ob fn )o+ decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatihht3 h zl479sm6hbx7).ut7pu 5hu qngon system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of enel(6wt6zj9 u/2dfwmscwg ay( 2rgy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whasu9, z-f), +rgnzzy eat is Factor 1; Factor 2 sug9ezf),rza-z+,yn and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of phl 3uu 1mcgyl/2 jni7atp0es4bo6v h;ob; 6xb+otosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ri7pm 0k8lcr ;;g1czuffce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that retmo8obec oe* k9su 4nq-p;h7xm1(*i )sbwpm (semble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offs ;4-wk8st*xb*h) biecpes(umopmo19 q n (om7 pring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a ter: 8ay5n zb-yn;bwl4emou,b,;adk+e m restrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food ueq) sgwl6z0x;2 hn,d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that liv knm7.tr 1bo637uj3 n4yxjapme inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbonu3b y7ampo4tjjx.rk1 6n m37n dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following vq bp ugkkm.p8;x0 y/n -lq.w.l97rue chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagrz3c yl 8 n.a9vc8sd6ywam of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwormpkwjox u1* u:1s that ingest and then b*uj1kux: o1w preak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of goi ts8 k7 rp..6brs9unumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predj:qsl :l7ru4oator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethancd7xu.d s o054gyg0m bwtew;xo;b 9t :e (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm u22 x gnv)ce1 xarpiaj:.n56k vsing a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placja g: e.r)225 n6vx ncvipakx1ed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the)molgn9xjha 39gf2d . following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy convl14 z )pf( bq*ztmfyruv4:ez)zd u);kersion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup og+ c j*xrud.fm bsnr 8774fv.gf toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when di7cc8mo8 yhis7+yho67 *a +z xms aw7fcscussing a pyramid of biomcmi a7hz7+w6m+8o sf7cysho 87acy x*ass.

  Figure: A pyramid of en sb)t)krfe- n(ergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productiv5m1n,l *(vsmsxe wzs:ity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine f6 b 1yb ke6egdwgx7sf lf0 /4gcy-6p8cood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a 0b0re4ym0zris 4mefqt34q 5 u soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurate5 ((rzn) vk,z) daeaysly describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parae3om 0ut59. sg 4arjsdsite5sgrjedm a0su.93 t 4os on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and .u4 l6zxxbqb5fcw7:/. sqrb rrespiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiratf./:bxszb u 4ql7w5qcr xbr .6ion?

  Identify the statemenrv0nk8a ibf ppuzxcx )q kp.o.h67.f -+ 1.vwwts that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost frul /,wp uuyo33om ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxided0 ausnzw,n ); in the air to carbohydrates;n0an,z) wd su.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon s lnwrt ev*2ms4o+djp;y)g)l(ey+e v2inks.gl o4ed l2nj+meetps 2+yy) (w;*vrv)
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carb-q d6yaz o34xt(lylq)on cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per6r ted+4 l6 7pgbc7byk;vpxd + year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements 4r zv3e8u da;z3wm h32ln z*y(t pvzn;that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calc*mqse8u cx1 *rulated.

  Figure: A simplified bo 3 yv(npr u:+exbe5ak 1/7indiagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throu3pz2(l+vr he2smek h /gh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyp x2 kt.6exy9qstem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a +7v-q 4qnuae dterrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement tha6z8uqpo0 zdwz(-u k r4t is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the f3osduf xy6, .m0tn5w following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cy t x.n03ofd,fsm6y5u wcle.

  Figure: Average per capitag+a*xx+t wz*+.xe vxu n34vpl $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary six rk(xdhsy qf9,eh8c:5 ul4.uccession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community. 8,yk.sh45uiexqf 9d: (hxlr c
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformati d6b*oh*y 7cdq 5tacg(on.

  Figure: Average per capitheb6ktsw jxbl/ 4cn (ll+ocw-4y v)(:a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant s7zuns3 qwt+b3ab//kin water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtainebsn tzw+ sqk37bu/3a/d at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows inuj+ :s2eon r)owst(*a u.qd/ f GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-202k opzn 44jm:t20


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected dat65 sy5 s0s/p bap5jl/o5fwxk aa for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romchc7q8h)*/ hfowvz pbu/ 5oc -e, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements frobnb2 :- sf/j3fgn0sfgw:sy i )m the foli )2/fb:-sn jf0sbwn3ggs:fy lowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physiij d8chz qf8sh2;u 3+vcal variables. List the main factors thatd jsv2 ; ui8hqf8+3hcz characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descripk rmg:lxcauf9-q .9,wtion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosysj*1(/zh+2 faxa vl 3a)bllblitem.

  Figure: Climate graph of l6,r07trufgh6ctz i +a yb:iskn) ;ox.h9 pk2Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differeni s4s:.xsi,awt biomes ias x4.wi ,ss:


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succeswftn c.yn4 /wv24b-f esion progresses from a pi/e.42ty4 fcnnfwwvb- oneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing y 7i/q7gmdebh9.c :,x ipih9athe changes in productivity during prima./cb,: dg7ype a iixi7qm9h h9ry succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factopwyhue5, cp -(r that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosyn81t gbehtn/b,thesi eb/,bh tt1n8gs



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fi;:22psx i owheeld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a ssys.x- o8z6n9srjw2te ss+i 94su l4zeries of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 4694 uie+s9n9sszoy4-j sx2l6rss.z t 8w of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to *xnp;jwn7te1 (aj ; jgtake multiple readings of thagt;jjnp ( ;j*7ewnx1e same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment use/g/fu3owhrhn*xf 1 eot 57l7wd in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Cre,0m8 jhwm 4thrt 9yyt9 bfar-;ek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species samplo * 0y +wewxwz. 7r,(av3ntpvwsrsk77ed in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effeczmr 312n3y3i3dvn yz4qn 0z ebtive for sampling motile (mo b3ym zyd qer303n1nvzi2n4z3 ving) specimens.