What is the best definxw 3f)min kb37lhvpq4vj;z 9 yzt(3k (ition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy ka36nbs)3v2 et k p-mr


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Fact8u qysslhur w-46:o3yor 2;Factywysu-r u:hq36l4 so8or 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popula81bm4;-oo;icgdrhqb z1az 4 du/ y6kotion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specps7pf-aco e yt0r)q -/ies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gmmeh(vm 5)e 2*fag a7ciraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s mm 2fe*a m)gc e(mavh75ilk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a p8qt3ll. 9oc) ( wn/enoh ynxc0z.rw3l opulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupu-kehqwi.u(8;v3 wm36p avwgus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves pr6v3ea -w3;ik ww8h .gvum(upqey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population ovev ar2ai*:*k6 ixp-bi vr time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mnycba nq+sv37q455w m3j r(of ites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animalbfaym7j4+5r 3sw3vo q( qcn5n s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fmj, *e lcyx02w)uytrqsc xyz0 dr-1) 3ood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live wi)cod+s.8 (3ftwe mp and ( 38oes. w +dtwimp)fcinteract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is l.rhrj)in 2l8xost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known t3o 6)zf0 ye1cki 8yc m2gj-pgzo have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical env-ekog 6mg 1yjz0pf8cy)3ic z2ironment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a foodq ksz-endhk -84+9mfx chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into thejz /f-5: /rmyf ywst/cir surroundings. The enzymes break f/ :ysw/zj/5y mfrt-c down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivv0brfs3 *aho96h2ll v ation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramidt1 fkw jaw r( jco-wm(2+ojz,v3;xma+ s of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' u26ih wsyfg3/db;1vpniche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 a ;hfs6 yvpugw 2bd/1i3nd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the nh 8xi .9o8oi knu2s2-aj.v uirate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cu63,dfbv o0buu ltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized girx0rj9jf)zuie*a ) q auhzk03 ;6bk- tcaffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend0c-fia 0*j9uj3 t e;)h)xzk6u zkqrb a to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descr- trsry pnk2(r67 9ovmiption of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foo rk 28f/cfc fa dxl3u:qf.,+wrd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals fer5r fecj vn e.aj(ix 7g(*pb22ed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from cxpfa(.e 7rrj 52 ben (igv*2jcarbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chudm4+3as yk )yemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement i :4i4u s3ut,e(wc+8 furu qdwof carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the folloz* xghj ixc4chu1+1 l:wing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingec*h :14ch+ lu xz1jgixst and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyraltidv.cs: (ry g(+jp+t p5m3imid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its p5pp 2dzepmr: +rey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenylfz+m ji0 1:oshtrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawasfj9buo8jhx6 )w imb9 (8l.jater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the followin i8whbajbsu 9)6m(x. ofl8j9j g statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation.v i6 cio8lod1i9t:3us

  Figure: A natural energy con 3c yrg24min 6.l6hoyfversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chai4zmm;ozwtt0fi. m 7 pumjpyg08ks40re 0-j 3zns




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing 1 jf,sl, gke+2tyrr3la pyramid of jfr s1y+g3ek , 2rl,ltbiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enertq+6m vcn32os gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivbh3-qr) gw-v re9 6 cemk7a;sqity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wewo4v n 1h77v-qyd27vl ,hvihgb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web incj9v5)io kpi* a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food w,h as( 2b13hlwn7itt xeb.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with paras -r /ojdbslipy)9,by b-9 u;wvites on a consum bv9w9- slri/bb)j o- uyp,;yder like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from thx8jckqkb-i -.ybuk5 ; e options below.What is Photosynthes-i bk.-5cb k;ky j8uxqis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use ok 4x s16jdm 4:bcaqp,nf DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form envny/rqk 5u0 q*ergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the af.bk6i,jb9 fqir to carbohydrates.6 k.9fjbfibq,

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinkswq wpo6xwm3c 0: gl.l/. lmqwl:w g.w60/c p3xo
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the b8z)pqv9i;. y0 k-lh9 hpo;oryr9 bfs longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per ormr1 c qvy3)j4kuv;+-o(lseyear


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements tizp otq5n;9n27 dqx-/cn3 qrwhat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can bem o11w3qwkbioaj4q (5qh 4ut( calculated.

  Figure: A simplifiedwgrb,r wuevy4oyk)hl;x* * 9 z0h uh,) diagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thrp i6 )h 1a(jkj1xr3ovjough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ec.lk1w jldy+;s- xbj+yosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestriggxz1)zio8wxl-hd w5y 6pp;1k k /o5yal ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying ba6i,bt + vcnfl)cteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-in a)e+/7bszsnsp4e9 m v k/n0krm.j,yjduced effect on the nitrogen cycl rsb9 /s4.js/vnkk mzayn)pej 7+e,0me.

  Figure: Average per capitdh.+ -c r9* wxbetrgm1a $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary su i5gmu ntrrd 4i-0wk12h*v 9umccession progresses from a pioneer communimhki5vt 1wr un94u2*rmgid-0 ty to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation./h4 c3vixhl 0s

  Figure: Average per capxb:8 oeed 3c6iita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One t6ryw 5wn81j e73aq+ d1qcft uwas kept in light and the other in darkness. The urw7 1c35t +ntaj wyq8q1fe6 ddissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in Gnc mn;pa55eo tt-22e gT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 19iok-.tna6o+t 6fhai 2 88-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomo9ax,c ox6t e6e

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romxev;:9v ,ffbhe, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing 3nq9+ ajspc/69x+oo-laco gsone or more statements from the follo co3slopa/ja q-96cn9+s+ xo gwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climat coj:a 7+ ypapez0153 kiurw9sic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize tku5a+s:1 ir 3a0jy7ez9op wpche terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the uaml udb)48/srainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related t0sgqo+xn9 vggpb). xyncv 4,;o diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italythdq+ f3)-i)lzlm x4b rr3jr-


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in diffeyovxrp7 tl3uz7 *a :v6cr4s u5rent biomes a5:46*7pvut r3rzxu lco yv7 s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in bio6i8-yk ,hwyk ygyxh9ct r uu6l0c66.ydiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to6u t-yuyxy ck6g ,869cyw iyl.0hkr6 h a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is notsnn +gjkd) ;w*cf6;eg correct in describing the changes in produ;6nfjn+ cde*gk s;w g)ctivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that cani qjzkx*fz m4,v 6, lzi x5ja(r9w0,dy be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate l a(fe5tnc*vi.t06la of photosynthesatlcf 0vt6n5 i.a( e*lis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieliu)uago0i /w 507yioc d



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a sesv qy,te dyht 8ytnfw-d6j6*n4e 285zries of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insec52n6ew -4 ,d 88z* q etty6nsyvjhydtfts, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple reaf)7xgklq).v(wtuoe uep(0 1sdings of the sf)g1xpuq(vl te)kw.us70eo(ame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampling 1 7hxqw0z)cgbz 7i9xw


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wiw8t *d cl5 7vwz4x)irillow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Crej: wqn 0sim-v7ek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effect3:aonm6 83)mwy n ptztive for sampling motile (moving) specimensn:maz8 6yw nptmt3 )o3.