What is the best definition for a speci7f3 hhw15 wjnbm(. rlles?

  igure: Climate graph of Ro 8d1vv.hsm *vs6uurvr x0j2z5me, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is ruti:67l3c .ow p;u.zewrc eh 0r1 up* Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fpetp.uc :1;. i uhcr6 o z3lrre*u7ww0actor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatiow5 q*wk q;:ujon


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistlnj(f2x,l9 mpv3 z.clng1f i8 osoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebp7wjgn+ : vqqu(k2prt jk+: u6ra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only wit t:g+kj2(j pn: rquvpwqu6+k7h other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populationmcajv4;ng0wv.a. dgu4 p n i78.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Can0 -op)nsoz p1yvori-;u*a o4z y8 e4kjis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolvekryv-;yeos0 pzz1*jao4i ou4npo8) -s may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of t91hc-cjp zapb,kg 3m )ho4a8a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of ds8 0r)optxsc/ ead plants and animals.sx)0tc/s8 rpo
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainsen +,owow23i r


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms 1/ cd,-qeo wtvlive and intcoq,vwe/dt1 - eract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fro 9xw.o8 u/fhkomkr*yip.16whm ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall treesanj77hnqsjw8 i-c1qwzhg x0 -f.+m; q and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment the- 7c+fhisj w087nj.;xqga- zw h1nqmqy inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chaingl9bo 9i-cx *-uoxcf 4.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroun82 0wgs b s7e:2de jay-io3kwrdings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi t y8:agr2s3w e7s i2wd boje0-khen absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated 5/+xlw ge,nb drice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for jdr-d (m r-8f4ln*imx pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a specnq .) 3pn2k /2d:cftcotyi,jq ies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3q2.o) npc3, c:k qntijd2fty/ ?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis vp0(w+r yrtii7sc/koohq - (; at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatio 5) z 3hw+36oru)ootw8uplk lsn system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized g0ia 5mpcp w7 (-ri-pqairaffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can5c -ip(p-0iw7aprma q reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect desc l ;bg)kxsh 30rj5;ktpu3;oj(nov io :ription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we:s.s.z cyhjo w,y rz0r3)rv-p b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon 4.c vvoy98t -uzq4pbacompounds produced by zooxanthellae fro8yoc9.4qbzpa t-4vvu m carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactixr+3rp +qevri0p 4vml0-aa0fp rz :- umrg 6v0on:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movnmdv*30.b ld jement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organismaa4k-(pg x5ems like earthworms that ingest and then b(paa4gem -x5kreak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyr29atoxi/ g:ei amid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitis86snlgg + azq8nxh -8es of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are tru (0begu*q wrbb ecnas .+w2dam)1vl4,e about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availw3q.e2 h nlsd afopp64g4 :e777baxpfable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the x f.4 :aho6lqpps p7nbew372e4 7f gadfollowing statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the follow gytol1bv/o 1(ing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversioj huh3 m3*aqun+l)wdbf,d: kf; r6k o7 f7ar6en system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cha 4kkk) /xo ydk/ngo72c pibj)0ins




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussink/x 8 aed4du.bf .;p*kn*a a. pwhs5msg a pyramid of b*x8pha /sdw k4p.kda;.f*ae bm5.n usiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of c48y5f9ldxs yenergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for represent ):6p gnj.o yxj.f:h pm,nf,lqing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fo ux7 b:pjrd51v+ 9j(gq n+ftmqod web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a 9a*f4pmj6i7m/hz wug soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement t *- :.uz) bdsmqg*m:lx8y9u1tvpdgwhhat does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system wira4br76suz u6 th parasites on a consumer 7ar uusr 466bzlike the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correcthj*s;b:d- : he 6nybyyly from the options below.What is Photosynthesisy; sehj:n y6d -by:*bh and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT pfi 3dc/ /rtf5as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is los jokrtaimf 2zb: 1:n++t from ecosystems.

  State the name of th t z34)lodfn6ze process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.z 6tnozf d4l3)

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sins 1/wyt:o/y m-uy s:m0uzydv+ks. dmyyus/+u ms1toy 0v :y-w/:z
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in th+6ezqy:i (kgje carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area u -v)4. 3ck9mbyomufnper year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements t,rv2 pao sr 5nf ydjqmd(.1z11hat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calcul o1r.pb.e/vvrcia( v+4j;m tz ated.

  Figure: A simplified diaghs0dn+ mxi+ 4tram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the a tw1 t*9 oz htl5*;k8vs:owoqtw5*rx carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an eczw y7w.sieww9h,a+( onr u 9-kosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow i thl*pxvk*rz461 om(dn a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bactes48y va).xn csria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on t:og frapa dz7k(udz-;lj*41 f he nitrogen cycle 1k jdf l*a7: (fup-gda4oz;zr.

  Figure: Average per czor/ o;m.ytu y+xcs4 mlz8k: 9apita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primpv1 kj.4hl ,y-/d(5zcbm l lwrary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climah r, w/bpl4zl.1v dy5l-jkmc (x community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transxla :; :f(hz0a y 4(lnsf0k,qzvhdk0 iformation.

  Figure: Average per c+ypuc rr;ys2bqa ;d 3pg +g:q2apita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out usingk. 91 smy2lhxc bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. Th2k 19x h.lsmyce dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storac, bryax haw8ffl80ljs)(c .2ges & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries bqq z)jqh7r rvu+d:;m;y region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a0z( r6;xey ssr csg2v5tw4,t0:pc bo a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph o (h0u:ayxjbxkc5 *wruq74lh2f Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more c,bqlo ow,*au8 7kiw4statements from the following84lwqu7 oi, o,wa c*bk.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and otheeg)20 ok 5xatzr physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.ez g)x5t2 0aok

  State which is not a description of the rainforest bio0t5yjznibrbmt:v v r ;+ e.,qpk/ e,a-me.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.ms-9e2kssj v; 6xuy/i

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom6p5 6n+ kqfmfhdtlr0pz +f60ve, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two9v 8mq(tckfp/1;lfj9 ,yajwlyg,bg1mjy i), herbivores in different biomes w, )9v1 j8q,l;(m/ f,9ai gbgjcyl pmjykf1ty


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progressesdhxg- .v+y 0dv from a pioneer community to a climax commun0xdv hvd-.yg+ ity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the chap 3ldt ata+pkab7( (hu:sa/y +nges in productivity duyat7/b apdh(la au+ 3:s+( ktpring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured usdvhnwfkv- (7, +4pnzling a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperatu7sll ,sl ( qm pj;tae5p7im.l3re on the rate of photosynthesislla3ms,.(eq msl t;p 5 ip77lj



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fie(ajdgbs162fy tvt jjz049j1qy9i :xbld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps6;qal;fz 3,t obuf, lr to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were mark,l;3 flfat6z;br, uoq ed. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the d (u2 jfw*osx40et ejn4ata, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factor.*wn0oue (4jxsefj4 t2
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologicalrn3tl0 c;8aj4xijx1;-oq- qfr mbp,e sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of W, cp 7l(wc7c p mfsub9)lvejyzwr:;- ta74f6tillow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sample*vu/tki.,h by d in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samplcc+800+w/l eol*usv o l8 wruhing motile (moving)ou8+0w*+8ls0 l vrc /hewuolc specimens.