What is the best defini rp9*2l iyuo+stion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italyeo3bo z(n- 7fk


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a specidd i; 0clq5hqv n/w;-wes' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;viw/5;d clh d- 0;nqwqFactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a z. ksd .9lzkw tmd/6a9population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spl8d) krmq/xtw;j1m7 fm9 ks g5ecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-siza1(y e cs.crbrx9m96y ed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to b. syc(rc9baxrm y196ee dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a poa8y 7( ;tcgaympulation.

  Fact file on the gredzl 90jvmxv fhpo7; *,y wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbe7fd,0 po9vvz;h* mlxjrs in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population o3a i2lih4q*pk ver time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of deafxx: kj7cma()d plants and animals. k jxx m7):ca(f
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins ahs);tqw 5 w7llrt :l-in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and ot i u7wbs4qu dbv2m(ya63wi2(bher organisms live and interact with each 2w2qdbmy u(ub3 a(6w4 s7vibiother in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is9b 59wtkt3s8cmr jo w9;m9-fu/j e uuh lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high proda3u u,hj2( rn3xmhji2uctivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These specm3xhi2ujrn a3(2 j h,uies also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of2*zw0 5xlrpdy a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing db(x rm +;j/gh 7pkb1jqm)6z/of5fetwigestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the productexwgmpqfm 7j5f 1/(tk/b+o z6 )bh jr;s.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culcp acqu(6 q:tg4u. csmsd2q.:tivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for py 9vzn)/8ayq3br6 yayj ramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is augwjw 9ao f+m4 (,s:g Factor 1; Factor 2 and Facu w 4gs,o amwg9f:(ja+tor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differenmie.asg .8lnc c60ew( t temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice culti;,k6v /igo,n5iob ddy vation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hapo5+,lhhnsx 7s stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the lea+ps,xoh l 5h7nves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ajne:4tnlx0g nqv t/b t2 ; )rv;l:(bpecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web l)vocds1.tbd kop8 4 smhwxq -8h2*/l



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live insid a4mkjefo :**se coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae fro4*es:k oamj*fm carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: q f 5 goqpp ,g6tais8v0.r-xi0


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the moveme*20/hnbuous hi lr) 0 am8ut)bnt of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best descrj+lu dxw0y-n+w2 bo v ko13+tqibes organisms like earthworms that ingest kwvn 2 x1+o utywo+l3j+ dbq0-and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramfjs* 58h6opq g.fcxsw ah w*:.imbx,( id of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pr jtpimt2,3q g5 .ljrp dk+rz7+omc9f *edator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true abq exs+) n1uj4wc(uu-n;*pylb out Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially avaie.dl-3-/ zvtitsb c5y;hqz 5tlable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light sourcete 5zi h.5y-3tstqc ;v /zl-db. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an ex 1 1q,7/vfz b)tzoldsq2pyp d-ample of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversiyy w1zfe u:34uon system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toq )5csyh8 n9(arho0vp xins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statecs oz nj- x8j44)kqsv 65 bj:x.v.70quik znfyments is false when discussing a pyramid of biomass.fnxcu q)zjnk. v5 0qv k-68j7z4 xs:jiy4bso.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy fw9:bro 0 8:oo.cukqk


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing produb/hi6 z:oe rc(j4qxy 4k b.j;,i,glwe5b-uc mctivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marineg5oj29oi j b0k food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in rhj ncw,d 7ule:n*;s6 a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not acc3-i g4gcwf:su ggg +c;urately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could ofr4:)u*c6udof/ xb:3w 9rxo ayya)gexist in a savannah system with parasites on ay f rxra 4ox wb/cy:go9ou):)*d6fu a3 consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis2.ipvu/10n 8wu-fe scpjzm/.;b z jtr and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthsmzjv/1eizufw20bj-r .t c.np8p u ;/esis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insectict7gmd.gw x: d0nd 3;zuq ,hok.ide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecos:jvmu-tqu( s ;ystems.

  State the name of the process thau,ij2u26sa2zbz bl 5 j*7btsdt converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyd*au i2 sl26t jz,bz57sudj 2bbrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinkw9nl au.w6 w(p.wd)e hs. d6 p9lawwuwh. (ne.)w
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest tix p tt;lul+9bg 2a6(c1uvso1mme.

  Figure: Flow of energy in lu gi6(jyz l/*an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are truqh3qop7,ts o)( 0 eypge.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSu: i jfso+ugrdiqxz 2j (kv 653r)6bd4P) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cyg 7 s mfa -aab-wb8(tzlxp8l--cle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throu-ty,ja5x j3rd *uk*uask54 d c 9a7wzcgh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecorwilfkl: v .7 10o:eqysystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow ineru: y+-jggva)s-yc /hm3h9k a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of qf30 acg 9h2loply .r(denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on ttxueea 7x475v,uag ,e. k1vdl he nitrogen cyc1,veu4 e l.k7 57xavut,egadxle.

  Figure: Average per cap 9qwv (rl2 djdbd85b .bwe7so-ita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in bio;+svzp8q-zby*kcy 7+:v qh tediversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax comm;zyq-es*h7k by +tv8v z p:+cqunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the foc)nb7 9w;he)u . wh+ zymxd4hillowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitfo9 r.jfz -9nxa $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in 7o/ y jwrr*yys2o 5b:*re1mfowater. One was kept in light and the other in djbr y*r27:of oyr5e */1mswoyarkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual fla rl/ xn5e f.5wcpnh),ows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by za0nx myy,hgiz/, -z(region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data xtuh/ 70bv.onj /iec( for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy ls.n.,f )vc s vne/ff:



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zos nvt8x z7tdj; 35*lslnation’’by choosing one or more statements from the fov d3jtnz 8;*l l5stx7sllowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and otl+e5zz:,qski t+ ;wuo,ykoc7her physical variables. List the main factors that ltcowko+7y,s + ez:qi, k5;uzcharacterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforel2*09abtwfx/ d p5xg zst biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecoclo 1f-i 8zcoqun 1c6*system.

  Figure: Climate graph of 23u ju ,3c)zynn mfxf3:j g;ryRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary prz jf 6xwq,3gq0oductivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes jgz0w6f3xqq,


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as :yy 6cq)ysf 6feh(hv,primary succession progresses from a pioneer communitv6f),(c fh6 qhys:ey yy to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the cj-u3+0cgy lmx p:fdm, hanges in productivity during primary successio30-+ yfgj,mcx udplm:n.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using ay3/ mih 3.lubw Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigmby1h),zg+ wyk1g/ tu ate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis uhk1z/ymggyb)1, w+t



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieldd fhdb(+ps8xd yz+8 n2



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture spec1trne7+ ywlp4- ry u5ximens of beetle A. On the first day,y- 17rlwrnxye+t5 u 4p 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is impoxbr30x by)6hnmi4 .sr rtant to take multiple readings .xr60xn3mryishb b 4 )of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment usr)gqz+tx 2y.med in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wgb+t w7o) xir)illow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for speci 7gmgqvl35r(ges sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the folkj8w2skc w34 mlowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) spews w2kkj83 mc4cimens.