What is the correct definition of a gend9omkuc6 n;56ig nimrpv(4 l -e pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within a populatihdjz o; m1e2c9on?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and 8 w ch ldpw h0smh2d92;j26mszdifference between natural selection and selective breedingj2s;82zmwdm0hh62 pchsl w9d ?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the pepperb/ +c ghl+ed ep)/*mqted moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect /hp)q tdcgm *b/+le+ ewill this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that c za9,mgmi7xw2u k2sq ,an be used to support the theory of k, 27 sqmwu2mia,gx9 zevolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/ar/;(t cr; urac--l pxnze true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equilibriut2ahz)i.gc ,jb-g- bnm?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adulxi6ft6s vl;a1t;r7m tt neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the grat r1 l; s6fai6mxvt7t;ph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of az4xkawy4be7+rao yxg ;,f(f;vvr 8 ,kntibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example when discuss(kva am1ue .y2tlw1pqx73) mling ind u)x3plv 1aamltkwe2 q.17my( ustrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide eo fpuxo3uyn 1fn6.l, -vidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with large beaks has i-mmt+f 8- ,hrnhwj-wfncreased f+mwr -fmhh-,-t nw j8relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possiblerw0 3 0ry7gq*9kvgskz causes of changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/fae 2w0: )y- wvv2i ofok2pyr,are example(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effectb 1+sjt 2kwy nj9;u5d)u5dgvl of growing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was c tud5)j2+ kvy51s u9bd;ng jlwonducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is 26qi xc28; lcsw+s (noi6g0ykbtfh:binherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous afsbqon+c; b8iw( 2kyg ih xfs26:tcl06fected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elepo q ;k6rqh:lyvlbu1l apmp3 d m,54,z)hants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa Nat 6p; l mvdkhqazqloy1up,b5 ,3)l4:mr ional Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloug vg)y7 -7w4wcjfwwt)red oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection wwvjt gc 7)7)ywwgf4-is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes anw6 1irkfiaf5 xw4x w7- analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelim si*:al7/,*4ur sm 9myuqq dnsb shown below, which one is likely to be aam s7,4*mi /9qsudqsyl: unr*nalogous?

  Which are examples offkp1ms2 ye0d b.r f,w7:bgi9m directional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an exampzlla 0;-i mdzw(6fos6le of natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tj qo+ck+3ba ;la6 adj li. ehv)yx)*:o)et j5kropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a ush;yjla aov+o c6x *jk)jae .3i5e)bktl:d +)qeful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted whrja8kc,l i2y 1p*p7for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may develop intom3y t7jwah1 9a1j fod- a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change oh df oaja7 t-1m9y1jw3ccur?

The diagram represents the et tqwej u8* gh31;(ixvvolution of features in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancesto vtw*3j; eig(1xtuhq 8r (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in v,a9fq2x x7:y gi3p eqsariation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of ht6h/l u*z)f4q1 g duhh yq ckiw),;c7approximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of hq46 h;y l* 7hcd),fkuu1qht /w cg)zithese finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of speciation:omaxe(la259 l; 2b)e gpume c?

1.Describe how mutations can res)v,petw 6p)dd9/ko2:uxvje fg ,c)p pult in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to dewm u3xql t;1a5scribe adaptations. Which of the following best describes the term evoluttax l 5mquw;13ionary fitness?