The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosblu n*nb(bv .z3k4, haomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploi hl,4 uk*a.b(v3 nbznbd number of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the 2 5f 4*0ykdqjwml lw.4ec/ncifin of a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures refly wel5wcmqk4i fn0*cd 2j./4 erred to as?

  Which of the following is the cx:n9ymiszpyc:fen:u) 0 6wramw/ *1strongest evidence supporting the hypothesis that two populations are two differ:1 : cz6uf/)ayiwn* c:0nmysxm9wperent species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential female mates by flashing6tklbgc ; v362(t:f v+avmnt d its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced bytvdta3nm( k:g2l6+6vt bc fv; their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living in the same louis;/ey/jfz6m b8b l 0cation?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolating r;opgd;.5x2y5 vlu lhmechanisms in sympatric and allopatrhll;guodp5. 5xvr; 2yic speciation?

  Which of the followin v+t/uuuy b1*:d+i rmfg are often barriers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous anr1q 9u,tb s58 odbeha6d analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in spe pb/*twv,m;mtgv fi2 /)visph40e ndago0* ; pciation. Which word is matched to the correct definit ;wn4mt gtv,pphs ; */)mgdvpa20b eof iv/i0*ion?

  Shown in diagrams A lh) :hz*afj tb.9.u:l;hck wx3qew o5and B are two pairs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events2y 7sube-o :fy usually occur during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheatyy a;:+cfe2kzw6efwzcb1 p ; * and was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoideyfz61 ;czab+2c*kw ; fwe py:es which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the common ancer 4-5qvtc mhc .;nx4smstor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures acxs5 vm;tc-4rh nqm 4.nd consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution thrhyn 4xx* w1ozy0yv: m mkx/;e-tln4f:ough selective breedinxmnz/w myexlt;4401 y n*-y oxk::fh vg?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% the same, while the o*jvyq (bct sy: +co3lvyy72. lrder of ybov:2cyqyjl. +sv (*tlcy 37 amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which has 62 dp vi2y)92uk*w0 gum jchromosomes reproduce, a mule offsprinj*92v mkigdwuy 2u)p 0g is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the e+w/wtjldrtder4+k,/* o c b,effect of hormonal contraception pollution on the matingt,d+w/reld4k+b/w , c r*oe tj calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiatfzf) rs)1++hnkz t 8jfion?

  Which statement best illustraoo9)n)ngaje 6 tes the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed .x .guhtrqj7j9t.pxi-fk 4 t-(genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of eacpht-.j g..qjkr-tu9x7 xf it 4h chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection a+ cw 7.lu(.l a*d7dy8dfnujbu nd selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy 0x+ bivgl6*4j.ptf wmt u3 ma(results in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given speciation event 6avl2x6x yg 5rtm2fk;?

  The diagram below shows the f6sv0jp; g)ty4,)s ec(r9- w,zkzulynre uw8weeding areas of four species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is thn9z0lpeujrc(g)z6s u,we,y-r ; w4k yts)vw8 e best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancew:nyr;en4c a tzanml, kadh4cio3s/.vr159, stral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolataan,hl4 4carn zkm vt3 : ;,1i5c/9ywes.dnored.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.