According to natural classification, organisms in the same group had what i- s+ide;lzb3 e3.:o tfoo yr+dn comole+io.b3z dd yt:-f;r+ 3soe mon?

  The diagram below represents3w g7l:r/odk 9o bdac8qbt. mp*(fb;x the three domains of life.

  The organisms in the table below all share a commp0d0 *f1; gup5/gp- joyiyyuqon ancestor.


1.1.Use the data in the table to draw a cladogram.

1.2.State the source of variation which allowed organisms in the cladogram to diverge into different species.
the name is   .
2.In cladistics, state the name used to describe a group of organisms which have all evolved from a common ancestor. the name is   .

  Which of the following statements is th dkd:qn(2n )jzz)ah(ue correct definition of evolution?

  Which of the following represents the correct or l5e-50abq bhlder for taxonomic levels used in biological ce5-hlb lqb5 a0lassification?

  What evidence can be, and has been used, to determine the members of xk+* pndr6 ;g(ykv:ijthe same clade? y k *d;x(n:rkvj6ipg+
I. Base sequence of genes
II. Amino acid sequence of proteins
III. Physical appearance of organisms

  In cladistics, which is tht,-suxr t+v+y-h z 0vuokon67e correct definition of a clade?

  To which domain do organisms with membrane-enclosed organ((gqm3zkt :zc-c 0edp elles belong to?

  Which arrow correctly identifies a node qshdenc; 7y-mo6. 6a x4dgqp*in the cladogram?

  According to the cladogram, which two primates are th5n hh-zl7cg,je5c 7 9+qbzwene most closely related?

  Early cladograms were cp eli; :mi1oqlkofqz70,4hc . sf-*gfonstructed by comparing structures of organisms. The cladogram on the left is based on structure and the cladogram on the right is based on comparing the DNA sequence of a particular gene:o1. ozc4hle, iq qkfs*7i;l - mff0pg.


What is the reason that the cladogram based on the DNA sequences is a more reliable representation of the sequence of divergence among clades than the cladogram based on structures?

  What information can be deduced from the cladogramej7ohke 0o ful 9zl9)+ln,c* q?

  The cladogram below shows three possifh g3n+o+ npzcb7b4:wxnj 57oble evolutionary origins of the platypus (Pgbpnfo7 3n n7:4+ +hzo5bcwxj latypus X, Y, and Z), an egg-laying mammal with webbed feet. The italicised taxa are extinct.


1.1.State the taxa most closely related to marsupials.
   are most closely related to marsupials. They are both members of Theria.

1.2.Based on the taxa shown in the cladogram, deduce one reason for the difficulty in identifying the true divergence of the platypus.

2.1.The cladogram shown is based on morphological traits. Describe one other type of evidence that can be used to deduce evolutionary relationships.

2.2.Suggest one type of morphological evidence that could be used to provide support for Platypus Z over Platypus X as the origin of the platypus.

3.Taxonomists classify organisms according to their evolutionary origins using a hierarchical classification system.

Outline the principal taxonomic ranks in the modern classification system.

  Which of the following would not b 6t.gvzf6f)nv p+o9lw xz:e( oe a reason for reclassification?

  Which of the following is not evids d (bi8)qq1nd2ai9;/ ;/ iljr bvyahvence for organisms being in the same clade?

  What is the relationship between the number of dd4o-eikhnra (,wro7 pb(qx *rze mo2 s4:r0z8ifferences in DNA base sequences and time since divergence from a common ancestor? -o,8kprbz ( ro0d hq2r4:wese 47inrz mao(*x

  The table shows the numda24pi xot p59cf8 y:fber of differences in amino acid sequences for the Insulin-A protein, between pigs and other organismat foi 9d52c:y8pfxp4s.

Which organism would be furthest from pigs in a cladogram?

  A study was completed on the Cistus sp. of the Mediter;p;g v-nq:dre 60 auivranean to look at the relationship between the different white-flowered species. Cistus is a genus of plants that are shrubs and ara -e:vuqpid;6nr gv;0 e commonly known as rockroses.

The cladogram below shows the relationship between species of the Cistus genus and also includes the genera Fumana, Helianthemum, Tuberia and Halimium.


1.1.Determine the number of nodes between the common ancestor indicated by ‘A’ in the diagram and the clade of Cistus with purple flowers.There are    nodes

1.2.Identify the genus containing the highest number of species in this cladogram.The genus with the most species is   .

1.3.Calculate the percentage of species that belong to the genus that you have named in (ii).it=  %.

1.4.Based on this cladogram outline the relationship between Cistus and Halimium species.


2.1.Identify two species that are the only white-flowered Cistus species in their ecosystem type.

2.2.Deduce, with a reason, the ecosystem with the greatest variety of Cistus species.

2.3.Discuss the evidence from the cladogram that ecosystem type is a factor that contributes to evolution.

Log-Bayes factor is a statistical tool. It was used to evaluate the influence of the environment and insolation on three characteristics of Cistus species.

·Environment is the type of ecosystem
·Insolation is the solar energy that reaches a surface

The three factors studied were leaf shape, labdanum secretion and leaf pubescence.

·The leaf shape of Cistus species is linear or ovate
·Labdanum secretion is the resin or gum that is secreted by Cistus species during hot weather
·Leaf pubescence is the fine hair on leaves and stems that helps to keep leaves cool

The table below gives the log-Bayes factor for the relationships between: (i) leaf shape and environment, (ii) leaf shape and insolation, (iii) labdanum secretion and environment, (iv) labdanum secretion and insolation, (v) leaf pubescence and environment, and (vi) leaf pubescence and insolation.
Log-Bayes factor between -0.1 and 1 indicates ‘barely correlated’ between the factors. Log-Bayes factor less than -0.1 indicates ‘evidence against correlation’. The greater the positive log-Bayes factor, the greater the evidence for correlation



3.1.Deduce, based on the log-Bayes values, which factor, environment or insolation, has the strongest correlation with the three characteristics.
3.2.Using all of the data, evaluate the evidence that the environment has been a significant factor in the evolution of the Cistus species.

1.Outline how mitochondrial DNA ca7 5 jh qn/np*0hsgm;rnn be used to construct a cladogram.

2.Explain why organisms classified in the past may be reclassified.

3.Compare and contrast cladograms made using molecular evidence and structural evidence.

  The DNA sequence from the same section of DNA but from two different orga,3e3xt*eo j4eyi a9jxnisms is shown in th ij94e a oj*y3t3exx,ee table below.

Which organisms are most likely to have diverged from each other most recently?

The diagrams below show two cladograms for primates. One cladograa8rrnud61r x /m was made using data from DNA sequer1rnr 8ua/x d6nces and the other using amino acid sequences.


1.Identify the organism(s) most closely related to humans in the cladogram based on…

1.1.DNA sequences

1.2.amino acid sequences

2.Describe the advantage of using DNA sequences to construct cladograms compared to amino acid sequences.

2.Suggest why cladograms made using physical features are not reliable predictors of phylogenetic relationships.

  Organisms may be reclassified using evidence from cladistics. Cladogram 1,2 hd v:rzzc. .ifmr8(o basedmi:(v c..rfdr ohz28z on DNA comparisons of several species, represents the historical view of relationships among arachnids. Cladogram 2, based on DNA comparisons of many more species than Cladogram 1, challenges the historical view.


What is suggested by Cladogram 2 that is not suggested by Cladogram 1?

1.Natural classification izig+v41;oy tz pa ijm0x 4gd90s used to group organisms with common ancestry together, based on similarities and shared characteristics. All orgaxa4v0mgdgipz z9;0to 4+ jyi1nisms can be classified into one of the three domains.


1.List three characteristics of Eubacteria.
2.Distinguish between archaeans and eukaryotes.

2.The plant kingdom is part of the Eukaryota domain. The plant kingdom is further divided into phyla.


2.1.For the plant pictured above, deduce the phylum to which it belongs. Give a reason for your answer.
2.2Distinguish between the phylum you named in (i) and one other named plant phylum with which you are familiar.

3.Individual species can be grouped into families, based on a shared common attribute. Identify two changes that can result from reclassification of a family.