Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-,;b-ucau cz) f:canq3 4, that could produce a cu buc3;-,qfnaza ):c$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic enexori )gxfsh cvn,t34+u7y;w+w6 u j4hrgy is much greater than its rest energy 6v ts)i,u x+;w4 wgf7ohnrjy3+ uc4 xh($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to thc8zv, 5ntg9 iziria45e constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made ofzi5 gi,n 85 zc9tvi4ar such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic interact04r; of obmz:gion?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of dc5y(qi*u wu 5a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the wedyi5 u 5cw(qu*ak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even g/ e .e,,n/tb8)dket pxjqt9x though the neutron and one of its jn)kt/ gee/p8 ,.xdtxbet9 q ,decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) aboyra/ :: ;tadoes an electron take part aar;/: a:obyt in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon numsh7 db-tv cudq+t+1x6ber are conserved in each of the decays in Table 32-2.7b qd+v+h- dctuxts 16

Which of the particle decays in Table6ohzmcy s5* kup 1i74x 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interaction?kp z5xiu s7m*14 ohcy6

Which of the particle decays io ,-.c okw 7bped f2 3lnva)m -w2yi:yefiy:+jn Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and wh60e1s:evju- d/b ;s7ubxy rfvy, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32lhx 3055a:wf n.clh is-4 occur via the electromagnetic interactlwa3lx 5s c. fh5h0ni:ion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the1:yfhh80;v jgdlcgljl3m u1x97nab( weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of o od/8is)102huoi 2 ou69cjajh2qxw x "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even eijcoi6 ah0x8u o1sq2o9d)2wx huj2/oxists?

  Is it possible for a particle tnf.b. n f6uyn; sowk;/o be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamicsl trt/,xn4/ fu e; .7qsp7edkn, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? Whued/qe7kln7 xptnr4 ,; /. tfsat about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they a152yjkml6u7f , t 6m(bs v x/nnx/qeyore free but not when they are inside the nucleusv l66kox15j(uy,/ s2yx e/mtnfm7qbn ?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy o/rj7f 3bvj9s cf a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electronsio c df sl,1*nue5 y*bxgh ;d5s /ax8:ya-sj(t. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in which protons fn 9mj(j:jo8w make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete kn.wltsj (1/u s mi )hlg05,t 1rn.dcmrevolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab acceleratlkj.s 1n/5tm )0 mcr1h.sdt(,li wug nor? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 accmiobs.zqe * y(e4qa (z7e5+zvelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha partiumt omi 74-f.rcles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their waveleitm. - 7rmuof4ngths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across thef*vc2d)wv zp mi76 hyb7tl-mch*;yf: dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make tbfyfpvt c zvhhcl-im2 )76y;7 w*:d* mo reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength )a -+wnt)nzld0 +wj7qyj5ohy n aur-k/ h0;pi($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radiu5q ;irsz4. kmms.:s+i ltsgk8 s of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnett)9 irm2,uex yc +7ynxs for the Large Hadron Col+)i 7xex2 ycnr,ym9u tlider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energij v+.p2fxhqzd)63uxwdq ;a r,es of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the pro dpwu ,qdjx.6+ af qz3;v2r)xhtons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (cj uwq34wak8xf p 95u7iharge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is7856lp h57r qrgi2lcn2 or gpl(oi6tc needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron fo l 5rgc(i ct5nl7hirl2or 62g8pqp o67r 1.0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the defta;m.7 dbmj :qk9nnf19a. mk cay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released when a smb1u7zm njr 6 ptbuy)9/zc5.u5i;m v $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to pre8g/cotuoedk+d / 6 e7oduce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if (c o*9dhs jc)1a3cgtwthe mediating particle were the kaon instead ofc *d wjg)tsac(ho 39c1 the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal sf4-fax4ba0l s8 uhs0 tpeeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each hausaax-4fh ls0fb 8t40ve if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy musjgur.-l1l )ruxi.jqnm/ f)q, t two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed towarnj. qfmu-u/)lq.g 1x li),jrrd each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, g7d0h tix 10ivxiven the masses of the W and Z particles a1t dih0xx7 vi0s about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a proton and an7;y w*jv, rax+.qjlq.flwyn,tiproton at;q y7,.q* f.yjw rjx+,nvwla l rest annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving m6b mha2l.5,qpamr 0jvomentum and energy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photonqr 02mmpa5 .ajlhv6 ,b exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced gebhu1 b)dd58when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kineticgeud d8b1 hb5) energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays ,;ty4;w9 qdryk7it i wko o)8fare possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws are violat r;k)ii 7 wfyt,t9;kd4wo 8yoqed.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kineti5r/ g li0+/ikx yn.hahkp96llc energy of each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the ele(cye a m1hd3v8n :ul;.aumq;s:jy/vyctron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifetim xnn*c:(5m egve of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of p5s.* no wu56z5bmls lthe $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width oxspkevtv l e7s 914zrh4,7 2jpf the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertain -nfwzm z49h+uty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following d r/a3 o*vboih2 geo+,)o* kuwmecays are possible? For those that are forbidden, explain which laws are viom*o +g,oi3or v)ba e o*2w/khulated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark com4c+wbt4s/csmfa *j 1 ,n his(zbinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) c1sc*a ,ib4zfsh+/(s4nw tjma $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations produce 0v(kk93n*hh jeve .gf: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed td8sdervbm:u 1+ vx. a2o produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diz gkgt)a3smj 7c7 ehno10l i9b*a;:pjagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction1ht: ;j7na7pi j bgz*9mla0)o3cegsk $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram f:bd7( lqvo0 /iflr*g for the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whos rdx)0h) +ip trxt-sl4e kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelengt r4dtpr0 sl)h)i-+t xxh?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into eogyf- g*qv0m. z; pcujs1:9sz2 z5avthe 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeVz:csy0fm az.2;ggpjvuo9 5es- vz q *1. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an eleclk f1) i*in2adtron and a positron annihilate each othdk) f*1a nili2er? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction coul0twm3oy3h4w:iy u vk/d the0wy/ owmh4:ktiy3u 3vy occur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interactaxu r0 l7118zskn fmn2mty-4gion could they occur? For those forbidden,tnknsf8 4rm20lmug- 7z ya11x explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a dc ycoko:lz.kp(* 1c2 $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at abou:t; 5wqbtj5 rwt $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the rea3 p ot-9tm-cafno*c 03ac+tvbctions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. tcb 9 *ovc0 a-pfcmot-+tn3a3 $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the wj 4xryq (xjxc+ eid5a)/g/y)reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fluhonl5e:mrw v 1oj9l +6*jnk 12t2b yermions are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce t( hfn+w xy*r n96ygwv)wo pions, wnxrg 6v yf9+h* (ynw)$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-p3pb tcgd1up 1.tq3,ucalled unification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured incl5.25) qdcbx ab otuq gm4h/+ a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any comqaubod /. l45b) h 2xgcctq+5llisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in 3.ut.3t addam the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to descw)*c ec h b+xz*b.o4 qvzq6z9jribe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed m ;(gniqcud8r j5-bl7 of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?