Which has more atoms: 14 0pmyle6qxg+s2hd6 e kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Apppy+h6m d6q2lgsee4x0endix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploite0 597f35iknnf *kd jlm+sx txkd to make a thermometer.j 05ktnfx dxlf9mskk75n 3i+*

Which is larger, 1 C p (y)ltc,vp4n $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibriildfxc* h7dq y-xn t)9.cq6.tum with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, cytt-d hx9i.q *6xn 7l) cdq.fwhat can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip osfuyx+6 bvgf);ker 6ozef37 7 f iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of v) erux6k7ef7g ;6 ffoyb+3zsthe curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansiowmhvdk/et3l k2(kd5 ro)jr( lpe79k2 n $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of axxf:-t p vx0* llxhsxq;yl799h*4bxx simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic4lx7xsxqhvh 9tp;9x0xyxl l:*x- b f* strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sectx d(bgv:ga4; pqs3b2 zion in the shape of a U. Whs;(:3 agzx2pdv g b4qby?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead . 8)vhgre6 ,cy/gzem-z r ;oiafloats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer ih 99h0x6 -yzfg (gcvgys first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially9gfg0cg x6hy-hyv z(9 descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it i,kye 8lwrr4*5uye ol 1s heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent pa851el o e,4lkryu*yw rrts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficp pa5gvypti)k 9 s /*l3/f-6 cg uzhitf(q,dj+ient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise 5v/d*p+q uit g36yhpt igl cz as,()9kf-/pjfto the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20aoy qe 00lpfjsb6 89s: $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cau6hbs ov(zkzf/p) 5y+k0mmr1 w9 y io8mse its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not6y(+0k5oyhf)b szm v/orpw8 zi 9 mkm1 stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by cm7 7h+ wp3wm/0gh1 tdonzi)rceq);m pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to1)r) ;3+hmwcmch wzip o md7tqe g/n07 the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force onb))qkk u tz49h an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperatu)q kbz4tkh)u 9re is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relat;bbw +48)nv r(1 )ht humqkralyv29mlion between average kinetic energy and the absolute tem h(t u4rbq k+llnv)ym r2;w9v18b ha)mperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from ki*gi7 m aa:,lfjnetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s ulyz.klv 3xylnbd3 z0)) u:.yatmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the 1mtsh -g9zcd.6+fg2 eo xcu4bminimum speed an object must have to leave te1hcz9.4b+t6xu fc -msog gd2 he Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly t6a*ooc cfype )0/r;bg han water at room temperature. What can you infer;gc /o06eo ac*bpf)yr about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hbeos1w hpr 0ef zj 9wz2lq,21:ot dry day at the se1ph21qr9b 0f:s wz,e z2ojlw ame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature)cmk)+6 b0bd l9vq,lfojq*fl (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tef(q g7)f/sze d;bmkaj 45.pkvw*oi f/mperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at 7)ffjse*//vi4qw kbdm 5a. (op;gkfzthe same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated autoljyhe75p r /1zmobile engine7 j1yrhpz le/5.

Why does exhaled air app274,y gkrfmf b1j.e cnear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.dd1w76p i*f8b cgb :gg4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms i51map9 hmvn .-tr77nzi ;y4gl,zl qh5jq* autn a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass?;1*a7l .5 7la yqh5nm hmiun4z-t zrjtpq gv,9$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. fiu91lcz24 fe What is this on the Celsius scale?2u4c1f ze i9fl   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest:uh6anl,f3 d d v3qy*l temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has l u+k8 vg:2xwhe8nnqu:me)m x0f qy j9(ength 11.82 cm at 0.0jvk :+mg e)en n0:hqxmuf8uqy x8 w(92 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 nb pi(im .49ie$^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall pe11cm.dxx1x xc do4-. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperatu14o 1c1x.pxxxm-de cdre of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets thrdiacr)/tv(s q3.py78y r2fk at are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in dyrf82dy)v7i rrkq3a( psct ./ iameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterq yik; *zkd1f5jh7e 0g at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chan.)t4mcuow b4e ;c8jt uge in volume if it is heated fro4etc.;)mu w8ocu tbj4m 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of w,u katdb fms19l w-e,-ater at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mblwr3yvd 8hd3ad)+6mo0c j, yL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring mag ltt4+klg* sjkx5ka9 pv4a2)52h pamde of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it ca-9- gsy.o r2xjkw8j+i p gms;ln expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of voi+sw8pgj.-y; kr 9om-xs l2gjlume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change; z)hl3cj,ml9 u )keem in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate o:d b e4iv8l8zc7lx pz8yarq-)f length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansi8xp)d8 iecz-4lvz:y7a l8rq bon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol behgkpx+7q i14bqu.4id, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather cloc1pv6)1 j wtk9thsvm ,tk is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 171j1 wv), v9m6ttkpsht $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 m qfk))pnk1w. 9inx,mlm. The bulb has a,) k.pl n1ixmkq w9n)f volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.x/r79 qpau sc1eid has)+)c2c 41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with an7 h1 +sic /pxdc2cqaers)9ua)gular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 154p fz7 v(c4wcli-6k kq°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to vw4c-7(q6 fcz pi4 kkl35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectmpv 5/xuy* vwhf 6.eh:ional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1+zv+vk qi 5 rmxt;+vl(34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale09a/njxndfa mu nct 0cy5o*;)xh2r1 v:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperaturek g29+cj1w e lv5r)feq on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are abu rknfo7xsi3 7,+ a:atout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion5p e;;j0ho q0 eitkav) engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 2k0ev;p i ;aj )q0teho50$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal .70e wszj o 6qv0p6tcfgas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6o ,bn j z5zmpg iu466gi0qu(h6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP cot.j , 12tra-k elzu8)snll h0hhu12l yntains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is2 h;noqhlg + ),hunt8r at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure 7twq gu5 of 9ddn6l+x5inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K? d75qgw +xdtfo695lu n   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of b kof1cz6 /)3uuever8$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insimw -g oo zu/jen7jt55+de the balloon, which makes it less dense z7ogut n/m5oj-+jwe 5than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atcu+6 -ld xz4oy1:srby y,7mjy 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1 vk6 w7xgzl k)d*ed97n8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escap1x a(/zwyu p ,:0lkwizes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moly k( j4exw2/dqecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water6q; m.pzimt:p0v3p ;o4yztmn are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) m3qu kipz;j 3k5)yb35v4kfnd9c rt( iioles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5 gf5ce-:wr oo p.br bydg047z*.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air a b, -rk4 .;dck3oriojvre in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also cd,3vo k;4 o bjki-.rrin the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translationalns:/-p(l-jxnjocjkrq war x/) (x-4q kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?-/ k jn a(xj scrxq/:(r4-o-qlp)n xjw    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the slphuz6il *) h -demvpo9b);7curface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000l hh;)m 6z-updp lo9)7cive*b K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas 92quoxjbs+2(ad br t4 molecules increase if the temperature is 2r4ds9 (ojxbuqt2+ab increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the folll;l 9hwfyor.kh8bz m cg)(b77 owing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcu(fkmc.llby8wb);o7h z9hgr 7 late the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas a/vc6y8 v.*o3eov yzqz kz-pn(t 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its 64:w(nk.lleh dpjzyi o 9:* swvolume is held constant, by what fa 9:*w:el( hj4.s l z6wioknypdctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molau* m; r+(zyl fjuc2n5ecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at thhbq ) *9dr:k9ph j3yhae same temperature, the ratio of their rms speed9b qhk*hrydh paj: 9)3s is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen myp0 s, hm53y2uy.a*1vogw j7ds9khjoolecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 09jaxmilt 3*) 7lqr4k w $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betw6):r -3,iadspj y)zdn jtu1jqeen nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in -t7 j4jq4kyvumwldt l) nuby 40)9d lpzy)(b8a living cell jdbw8 )k49tm4)4uv7du jz nl py) (tl0yq-ylbat 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can bf: j ydnuv 5mad* r)n(i/-va(pe written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranir.)ukces5hj6y n n q,3um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, ig4k-eta3z9 6e;b h4ldf p4zarn what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature r8h,a(kp3 .mzvm+w pnis (a) 9a,+rvh8( kpnmm z3.wp 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point 6m1 t(;e oqgbo.0itog(approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatog g(0ot1b eqo 6m;.iture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where3)1enfwzud+f a ri*2e water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place ingi c5yh: cskc+:ptt6g 8 x1ry28q9lue the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature ag 95 +:kr2ics:yxy c1guq88hp6etc lt t which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day whendvjst31.d6 bt4yq -u * 1rpdsf the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 4d1 jb 6sy4d-*tsf1.dvpr qu t30%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day whe (1rmfhz66yg. ,/cvxbxrj6 vun the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wat(g heajoc7)9g er is boiling at a temperature of 120 7 g) 9(hgoacej$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room dl)el tzxcg3tf g t:gb:,38 4wwz -00c2mvcnaof volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew po,3(mmlxs vbid do /-(yint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (shr 5 hhf;+u h cddyo2pqhva3456y+9swee Table 13–4) to diffuse a dis2;+ho9y4u3cy hrh wd5hdvhp6q+ 5fsatance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tu gr7ep u7w;ct)0 7xnixbes called tracheae. A)nxwc7tg p ir0u77x;e n average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has bes 9 ew84ltm/xren calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measu 060hzg nuuz ,8lkw2uyre has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much -ekxfov9swsh,r 3e44 error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are-sfe3rk o9 hxwve,s 44 hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder isneoi0yc zf(n0 yk/w4 5 initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. f0i0n5 /k(oywz4eync What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecul+wyy y p8rot+5h ygf,8es in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is5rp g+,wtyy hfy 8+oy8 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is (1cjv -t )g3g0pd x3bm1niqrc about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacu10 q+w5;.hss69jaqtv ku xbxk+q :rbb um techniques is abovrs;65xkhk b++usqab9txj.w:0q b1qut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his k ga7 pv1)g8 gm1pehh)i6)9mncntkq* lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable? gkghg qc8) i6v9n1t k *1e ap)pn)7hmm   L

  A space vehicle return2qsrzbtc68gpg95p 5eing from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)b r pp zg59q26eg85stc    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is -uu3i0sy z r4hincreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume d p-qenkf8709vrh .rlof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric ,yztzo9d40tr pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number 4y d,trz t90ozof air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed oew22 me wq8j a(veaikjf:,,n9 f nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen t +7p : :nx )(qrs u0owmulvro*a7/mixused in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure,( p0* )qua:r7 mu7svxx:/ ow+n imltro is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at jr z qzcs m(.7;mprc+ k*f ,(4hbtj/e,nu9ntr0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol 6vc0 qy,/*ifvj)g absine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snuq 5sc4l-thz h9gly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glas+ i6n2qr6ar4 2 ajsnt/ ct7pbrs jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standrrn,otz: d 7m/ard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, h*f b5apfd lm6. hlo- 6ozx+*gmas a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is 28xzvr0b njbozj*i( / $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended atx0y:i a9snm1l ;c+iu gainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid el:; +syx 9 ncumti1li0aastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter s u2p8pbg6tdev8t0: y(spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and t g:es8dtu2t b8p6 vyp0he air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: 3akd3vocvcu.c:( he ov i);2mmvv 5.f k.i 3o c vvva( vedh;cm5mco3vu.) f:2
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when i)pa :3y, ogxy0 ,wyon/zun x8vt is a solid deep in the E0 o/8, wp u,vz3yyn)oxgayxn :arth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease