What is the best definitikqvlprln 2orxyi k*95wv(t)l9 -s+0 qon for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Ro 5l/7 7hr-xkvi/bflhgme, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor+p9 ur a +xlhh0sdu 57wnzq)q0 1 ;Factor uu 0 w5 hdz++ q)pq0anlh79srx2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of am)w2jl yoc6rjcp33ycrbo-wufvz) .q 3 ,;)rd population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistoso;9:t n ;emtiwh0ia 6kima species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a svc y7)tnt; 1phwaol:5 mall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When ta)c1 ly7twvp5on h;:they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups oa(/4mt cxcxwu uw2a9) f organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North A*5xkl) u* -y )6(jkwsh0bmt miksfdo ,merica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are terrx w(lk bs5 kf06 jmd*-ut m*y)i,)ohksitorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflectw/wpp0 )sf)8jewmg-b l s 5n+ts the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on theh srxfe50l-t vyd i0 k+5.(imd remains of dead plants and animal0 ite5i-dfkh+ rx s5m(d0y.v ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinsr+5n0kf yohh06yp. cg in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, zk 3.u )l;ooqckiller whale, polar bear and other organisms live and ino .l;q)uokc3z teract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from 9qbxi+pl3 a 0zecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees..p zt82p t;8yg cihpv and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have b8phg8t. it 2yz.pcv; peen known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a foj+g p e*.cdp(aod chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their bqw7hdv(9mp 0 ou 22 3z.lplan5(pj hjsurroundings. The enhbd(jp. qvholwp902 j2 z3u(lan p5m7zymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivaez9gghl1p, o0yy l 20ttion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used fo7 yxip -ka.ya s4z*zs+r pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a spej0ws j,l hooj6(5pm56oee7wbg4 bch/cies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3?,hj06j bco7e/og5hj 65pmewsl(wo 4 b

  Figure: Graph of the 7-8z wotxgln7rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation s)cxob3h )zl+bystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffeuxy a6a, v-cmehnkqx(q:9f :( and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They al-xx(y6 qce,9n ufm aqva:(h k:so graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestriae* eqr/kb4ry 7l ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food welhhl;v(x* 5ms goz*u 6b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that li)pr3 dz0 i,x y8p8orwdve inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produco)p3 r88wy0zdprx d i,ed by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical rkst)7xr u 3//t9/es qz2qih gieaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement- aeba 0w7k 7vsww57lm of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms likph;dxzs/ gf9(h/ 2 yoy7mg0yse earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest no/s o p(gyz79s/hdhy ; fy0mgx2n-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nwi hb9v;b)m8s umbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its preyu0ux srw4b 8j +zw/b.y


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true abouc( 6s u0is-lovt Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commwni/h6 j ada8ha6-( etn;kz2hercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of (/awjai;nhea6- n6d ht kz82h the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the foey1lg c+ s:bko 99/fxullowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syste *xz .frohk1/c z. 20d/liifrwm


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxin(9mdmn t 3bz(8hxno.h s in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussid,b p775 ds*9b kctf kcxwqg 73hfu 8qxz**-sjng a pyramid of bioddx*t,fu x ws c q bqk9c37-f7bp gs7*kzh8j5*mass.

  Figure: A pyramid ofzd(/ )7aqmx*kn)cx t );kpau o energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystem.nrt , 0n0c-ra rse++zl

  Figure: an Arctic mardl):s s v/lq8 xh7/mzb.aj 368u cjgxyine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in aj/.i)( er;bwjjzp e i4v 69hqw soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that doedhp;e325yf( d+1 fsypwydxb6 s not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah sysoxdqu6vbmg+3 3h:xop ;- ni8htem with parasites on a coni nq38o+m-x:g xhu; ov63bhpdsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and reoi ghz6p w);ms.80*a)aro9i kho6 ,zmgoqoy;spiration correctly from the options below.What is yzoo. 6a9h)) roq0oaig;mk m ;gwp6oih, 8z* s Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an inse :nfm em:*emr1t:jk91ho5l0z0hj jio cticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form enerenp,cko7i;t:j53dmdmn,qbkm su9 30jes z, 0gy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxideax yjda 4a.:v2 in the air to carbohydrad axv42:aaj. ytes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the at:0e;g: *wt ad;hb kvsif 8mvvsr x1+y+mosphere to other carbon sinks. btgw0+ vs;8v ermva: ik*y1 sxf+: dh;
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbonbb1mx:mz2rj(p/w x;t4gr 8 uj cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area p hyumne9i09 hf7:go6 ner year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trueyg tg)b: tr9))zmey 3e.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary cq tyun 7i.f.xk2b/pxe3d: f(Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the qk33 r1etlh3z1tv b-j marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the (+nbs qhkc4mmf 1yuvw,7+dm90;wcwwm6h u; b carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in uj4l5cv rkl 1k6 :bes(an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystemmg1., fnrwl( jy- qg2n in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of wpjk-v22 i2 pqdenitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not awfozb :i 6r x60p,s1va human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclbspoza6v1 0x r:,wf6 ie.

  Figure: Average per c 4e qf;mz7h ja(4;fwnzapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progressesf*-d,c1d u yktxaw+ze0 12 jhi from a pioneer community to a climaxjf iudc th2yk,1*we+z1d-ax0 community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example ofgp9p7a tq /l9vg )(*z h.p ie-hzopnr0 transformation.

  Figure: Average per t;dn(3hf8j* bg7x 7npzyb at3(pav*pcapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water2 0jdevfgba;h(:)fv j-dxz/ n. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values wejv;b)/f-d0(fjgax dehn v2:zre obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GT d5-1jfsycydi r 9fjhtv:/s8.$yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1bai1o w(dx9fcu01 t z4apa- 7q988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for j,bz;kqsct15 pwcwp1- 60lkm l;8 les a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, w bti-fer0 doexxguy: 11t9+ 8Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements fr -k2 5k7fn ymgynvq,l6om the fog7ykv mqyl65, nn-2kfllowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climaticc-k9(hma- g zv.x wzz9 patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomesc-9h9 z.zzkwgva( x-m .

  State which is not a description of the rainforest rq lo7 .uq:3w45b-c nxm3 j3ymay1gkwbiome.

  Identify the correct statement r+icaj9 mywn o4-e7,ggelated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph ogk t jdhw7: 0dt,jj*a(f Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productiv kg mam-5+og/vity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes ovgag-m5+m/k


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession h nr4fgf+w0l/progresses from a0/fwr flhn4g+ pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the )c g25w2bhy(pt8 vm tjchanges in productivity during primary sc2ph t2jtwb8m5vy() g uccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secch*q.h1cdck vm+i disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effectogmy4eo 1bn6 2 of temperature on the rate of photosyntheo 1e nb6o4ym2gsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiemum -i*8vs ql)df, p 31ldxys(ld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens oidg* vm)3 dpn7f beetle A. On the first day, 7pvd3) dg*inm1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important t2h g:hh: ow ov;lkq ;chi+ds*8o take multiple readings of the sam wo*is :l;;g8h vqh:hho2k+dce factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologi q q;7c7li;xi k -ay6bb-.doiecal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow nct7;vm7unh4a1 ov l8Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data fobv*3 w22p jipkr species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sbtxo;p -9k 8zgampling motile (moving) specimens.g8;z9ot k x-bp