What is the best definition for a specie 8gpu:ekhk8:k s?

  igure: Climate graph of Rorc b/klnwcd i33glcsw+.9 -/jme, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species'c; 1hjt,7zkkf niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2hf;k ztk1 ,jc7;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve ;cb1v ucykh 44of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a .t9 0h rrbtmqxo: tr;1Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like4mv,e a ,jj;ih a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. O,a 4 ehvji;j,mkapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of 0vl syjo m61eiwm6u)e,1c vt-organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur n b,j3hb :flq.3wkmmz ,aturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their populatiol,bb3 .whfm j:k,zm q3n numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflect9) eaz0g *lfbu4hs.jh s the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of deadp/h7kmx;r(d(wda, d 7ybqbx- plants and animals. kbw7xqa(d hb7(-d;xm ,ryd /p
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of to3lhqe4sd7 -(sy,n+w zkzvz r 4xins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bey6(rc aqlw/:t ar and other organisms live and interact withrwq( :c/a6tly each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy wt) 8di/ig 0lt6 ymf;rzs)s m/is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productil lh7od22 yw+8 ba42h4hby viivity, despite infertile so bvah4yi22o84dl ly 7+h2iwhbils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a1 wf wix0m/4tlyc i-9a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestiv:5njdst 7.pwq ,+kw6 il;rcm nf(oe8p e enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes brear n: mnp . tf6,ej;7+o58c(wlsqkwp idk down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cult k/cj/yytiq)1fy5 t -xnl2tr7ivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids ofy * hn*dzqi1d.aaqio6 mn60k ; energy.

  List three factors thatz1 n*2q7 b4qor abw7 3itsk9xw6eq4ye could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fact x1eye tow s36974wb k7 n*r42biqqqazor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differ6 j4kbi2:zt oarh; s,yent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice b5vw8qkf 0vl. cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe/hy/x37 wd: u(dnzv9r8plyu: zff4 bc and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be 78l czuyxhf// yd vd4f3n:9 ruz:wb(p solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptcb 4m0h rr- 5adkfml+(ion of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w ckn7b twq4:;geb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feede/ey.y+jo pl/c 2u(c y on the carbon compounds p/(c+ey2/cj.y uyp lo eroduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: yn*ib1h8fx+ x


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the oceanl 1ypbras :ib+j ;-9tg


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms bes 8lbj9qjan umjq+yq/uiw5 1i .215khgt describes organisms like earthworms that i9ih5qbjn5y + 12lgam 8q/qju 1 ijw.kungest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of number ul8helj 18unre,l ;/ws


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a preda ah.6* pz:nvs16zki 3wg r7i+wfcg5x t9aab 3itor and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dich52 rjxa/w(td florodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially r5- fzl-4hkl bavailable seawater-filled glass orb, which incl4r5zl h--f klbuded algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an examprpv8xmuytw59/s y+n+z )yk uu ,. *qicle of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy ca; hqkqguiom9. r 4/h3cw; l8eonversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainsyv);w ly;n: zs




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following stwb2+ba;lwq6hoz 4c3x atements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomas z c4; bb6+3wlx2ahwoqs.

  Figure: A pyramid of eneak87lbnvy6 p 8rgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing8ffy -cv8u4+pg zieke7 z-3we productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food we:2eveczwmbx5 +vckbp *.e7j 5 b


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a )zbsmr,g*2smsoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statemeb 2e senx,g 2gfpe,/a(nt that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers /er a)(fkwcs4fw9vo.v ;8w lc that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the l /earw4);f8 (fksv cwo .vwc9lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respirat;je a:s 3dbr4kion correctly from the options below.What is a s:b4djke;3r Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describiy d*v8 ) w1dm6vr4zdje the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fro zywb(7ee nor4i+4qr8(80 s cuv4se mym ecosystems.

  State the name of the process :9pi c0 )l 4vmva.reky uao6/tthat converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyvey./c a ku9p6l 0v4 r)mao:itdrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from thv- m cn6eefwi0g; +naj k2)arwr3i2 i-e atmosphere to other carbon sinks. eiikw)ijg -e n2f+r3 r cavan0m26;w-
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cyc0 )jdzcthk )i98/ n 7anlnf:4s:ovewple that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per year 8dn.tgfrh ,ahzh8*;j


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements t mc00fl8ro-g2jjyg .rvm4y+m afo n89h(rqi 5hat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Seconduu -y-,8r7hb6 aeb xekary Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marin8oicu6 s1c.bxe carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through tha)c74tulcgtz n: 0m*bf+ d z6ie carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow i kfcou;8/jg 1in an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in(j ty5l0s( )e2ctlere so)z5w kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that isqp f3,rel4f)./av(sfw ph p:h not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the fo mpznuq9c f,lp- 36t-bllowing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclplpzu -c 9,bf3 6tq-nme.

  Figure: Average per czo5mk+f. wzl:apita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP m2f(:wgne fj, as primary succession progresses fro m,2 wgj:enf(fm a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example 6 3rrr 4no9dx8ir3 zkxof transformation.

  Figure: Average per capyf3a)xt3r xe, ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant 1b7r cs 8et1vx tkvv07in water. One was kept in light and the other invv77 texkt81 rb scv10 darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows injlq,n6ev*1o.7rie g p9g) xjl GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries b j/ve+z:z9bypxx2m d 6lswn h ;(03iory region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biokhhj)3j xb .vnf)1.l zh x1dj1me

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy s/hdmw8so:. y



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the 4lh4whvwyd d)o6vt8( followly 64dhh wt v)8odvw4(ing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characteriz( 5i:neidb:km,e;ih aed by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterizea:5miii :, ; edeh(bnk the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest b-/ew/lib gf- kawh.p0iome.

  Identify the correct statu3yi h0+itd/a ement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itad a61yehxin5 3ly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass ofv2 l.g py5w81d*xx7t z0l 9zl wro(xjzal)ye0 two herbivores in different biom)9a1 jger 75zlxwylwxv.0 p8dzt *(xo z0yll2es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progrexd 72(kwneun4s -x:os sses from a pioneer community to a climax communit2(ss kd-nn weoux7x4:y.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing tpzlec: /wyqkud 5.)-h he changes in productivity during pr5hz k-lwued. /):qc pyimary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be meas l li;eaqt)uv9hs e9:)n(y uc 4y8jv9hured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of 1 (ql-z*rov ahh t)pn:temperature on the rate of photosynthesis hnr*q:po1-)zhav(l t



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieg u*du-2mqhj3ld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used awpd6 mv6 fb5.q series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and wp6.mwf6 b qv5dere marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is ivxe-te(/r5jrcald59 ( 9n k/fizxx f;hd*j2p mportant to take multiple readings of the *x /r ed5f-ljx;za 9/(x 2hd9nrifec5tvkjp(same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ech*6mnr0ri 4 em yq -a5gy-ei2ge)qr6 xological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samp0ro .mh;e)4hg:pi octles of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data fi6) kucncox2qd.zi6;-xv , m hor species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques i cb0jtv*tdbxsx zsv68h+)86k s not effective for sampling motile (moving) spx0sd8xk+b bj)tz h68v *6tvsc ecimens.