What is the correct definitionc8nxyx10 u45bf q ia,f of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequen q8t5+ydkw wld; 3-mjtcy within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference between 28yquuw 9ix 52vm7 onbnatural selection and selective 59v2yuuwxi2mn 8 qo7bbreeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees th. x-zrw0g/l chat the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the pepp./l hg0-crzxw ered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples om7y )-ij0(gpvdbkrb f k4,*kb)ajmo ;f evidence that can be used to support the theory of ; mr-)o pkj(gv4b,*bdibf) k7m kjy 0aevolution?

  Which statement(s) about nat9 k w;5d nopgz5.jl*yzural selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of54-uo+awlns;tuh*v xa +u+ xm punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck le 5+s cazz5mh;(m ny),goa)yjc ia1sk: ngth of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchig k)hcn5sa(5c+a;y y) amm jszi:,1oz) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of vfq3n 9fi*c 7py*str-antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Bisth1ia9tlv7 vdu4qx ;56 sl o4oion betularia) is often used as an example when discussing industrial t vsl7vqx 51ou4o ;4i69hiadl melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual dive89myp wnr;e5 srgence provide evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of fi0* a-52os)twwv6gkulm oh ms (nches with large beaks has increased relative to ( 26who lk0-5 w)m ssatuvog*mthe frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a gene pool. p*l/:ypw dqm5

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective 0zie*-vve+lb 5aa ,s wk )ks7sbreeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how azh ls;f zk57*the effect of growing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibitazs;hf7l5 z*kion were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a traorofh31bp8c z /8l rrn9dv9f 9bwc -/kit that is inherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous af8 b-d9b9cr3fvrrp /zl ohkfcow/1n89 fected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (L 58r,ccmywd xpt50du:z-+7h zykxwa( oxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. d(rux y- 8,c z:5twmw khx+p57dcy za0How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sag;hc( r):bg:o 6bzuuwnd coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of r ):w ;bgb(g6zuuhco:?

  Which of the following statements best0.3c;0ep (ma4zq iodqhe qoo4 describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each foreli3 5ucibwj:.9flkfz e 1mb shown below, which one is likely to be analogous? fc z.juki:b 13fel59w

  Which are examples of directional selection?6ww- .1udmyvj
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural selecja/cau v/kx 18tion?

  Broad-leaved plants are sri:bw4kt 8n 7iuoes5p f,k ;.l** venoften found near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an kbes ikt8:lr4o5*.pewufn*;, 7 vs in example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar fromzldl3 xi: zmuk/-w,)w flowers?

  A population of plants w75e* aoc8qvx:8hz-wwouez 2cw3 3fgrith no resistance to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How couqx35eu rc: 8-zegowaf v w*8c3zho2w7ld this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of featur:iui4g 4jot 2q: 8d5s 5qwdbqzes in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestosqd 5zbjqi w4t2: dgi:8quo45r (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis resultn2 6reorn p1n zg5+t*j in variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group ofplm bpx;di+ 84 approximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these fi48xb+pdi p;l mnches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example ofb9jb b83ajl;w speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in n(jp//*u b d vk(ukltt2atural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptatio cien*+ 0 m.qlhc1m3 cwn-ver;ns. Which of the following bi 0;ce q*cm +.wc1 mrl3n-envhest describes the term evolutionary fitness?