The diagram shows the haploid number os2w 0rahuu2 px:s t zq0j(+l;jf chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chrs0sql2rjx;(zthu:wju2 a0 p+omosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in hu se.x,qfq6 r 5mqx)t+xin*0terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of thtxqx5*+0rx)qn6 . se m,ufiqhe limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the hypothesis t(asrtwfdn4- . hat two populations are two different spefat4n. w( sr-dcies?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to poqhv 2s2(3jj2 vtewq 8ktential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light pattern2 tqj8v 3vj2w(2qks hes produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms6q8s1 xv:zl km living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between bj)add8; n (yfg0.a ppisolating mechanisms in sympatric and allopatric spec0pa8f(b.j) y;gdpa ndiation?

  Which of the following are ixho5z7s6r qq 22xz9x often barriers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key differekgl7rm-i nx 93nce between homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciation. Which word*1 y+f qdo kdz0wryr(opo7e+ - is matched to th-e*kowr(o0 yrz ++dpoqy 7 f1de correct definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of simicnjr*ff m9myx0lj ;0. lar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occuos . brb)*c)l(ra2a ykr during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheatg9ly5g8vb gfu-,8jk ; wmww0x and was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum08 ,kyb;5g-9 8m gfvwxuwwlgj turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a populatio n ; +.s3rylgfi;snj4in of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pai4 f+sl;3.ny ij rn;gisrs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution through od+5vi( ;qw4oi +gnikzq4:pj selective breeding? iz+qdn q+vo:g4i5 oj i ;pkw(4
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found t0t h56ztjuii,o be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the t5 ii60juh zt,reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which has 62 chrom zw67fqsj , 1pld6d:x lzu0tj)sm+w 1mosomes reproduce, a mu )7s: pwulm160d6 jqt+zlfwz 1 x,dmjsle offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal cop2biwt3ca 9 l;eih7 l*ntraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laebl a;*ic 2wphilet379vis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiation?q0 /aa( +vg3ua.xal mg

  Which statement best illustrates the process of imo)f e7*anos(xx: * sevolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise ande uufdrdq8 5a;*;8hh uypk, -h form a new species. If both of the p5-a8uf; 8;,herd uydqhu *k hparent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast nat09hq9qls9 e ucp9vi+z(k xu) 3e wtex8ukx 6-sural selection and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy re .h*3 lsyp)k( ab5ffsgsults in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given speciati,:xcyeld po ((on event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four speciesr/cuzfar/ 2pp (3b+ pq of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity? qb(3za/cpu p2/+rrp f

1.Adaptive radiation resrgi /q ds0ta54zou xtu9s)c01ults in a single ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proit9osu )g4 d5qc00 z/art1uxs ximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.