What is the correct definitimw k pf.ub; 9cpnk xg09t3x5)son of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within a pw ;twheg k5 ,h/:voa1zopulation?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity dd5smmh ,wpg 8n7e eyf,d btg* g,o0./and difference between natural selection andgf5b.s7ywm g0 ed,e8o*,hpt gd /m,nd selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees t ,j-n*d +pak0amok r2uhat the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will thisaudo+m- k*a2kn r,pj0 have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists example0jrgzvj, hhf h94 q9k*s of evidence that can be used to support the theory of evolution09zf,rkghh qj*jvh9 4?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/arqf,xr *c 6dz72i e r0:xvpmj.ue true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctua q)ygjq4(*e ofctw t/;ted equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Masai-rv8capv( zx2 giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What typ(r8xc p2vav- ze of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead toy:sa+ ey7g6(hhq e qi6 the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betuc*yq /2wcxm m+laria) is often used as an example when discussing industrial melani cqmc2yw/*+ xmsm.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evi 3rn72oi81b ycke 4opvdence for evolution?

  In a population of finchekte9 me:sc3opi7 r*a (s, the frequency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of fin7me i*9:t cose (k3parches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changeft1tupx p114pcb:u2 qs to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of ww.lb; pin fg84/ed m(selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of gr3 jr.m *w+bop+9 iwpasowing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a h3+ pipm9o s*r.a+bwj wospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inh7.t;cxymp;h9t58wy/uf k af s erited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the prou9wcyh xf;a .s8;m7y/pkf 5 ttportions of people who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants ( t/2s*mkvm ;qca .pb1iLoxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection m* qps2ct1v mik/;ab .explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into roi53 vjf. sg 3r*fyakqsm2x.p)cks in the sand bar and xfj5f ks23sa)qy.3.r*i p mgvdark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statementsax(ql u+g( zg2 best describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which 7vqic939 1, n na4ptp c1wracwone is likely to be analo1 n paq9w,pnccv4aiw t1c793rgous?

  Which are examples of directional selecu 8,/rhp*7/uzlhkzp ) xidsx. tion?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of naofefk: mg8jqyw9t;tk)e2 7f4 tural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainfore,zl1xldm:(gepf l1)xd xj e7 1sts. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of f 11x1)xl,pee dj lgdm7( l:zxa useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted xfd6h,iy0mp/ h/.c )htjxx d9 for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivor 4g twhqg*hoju- 7p(fmpk) k;3es may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivoreg7 -k(kptmghf ;pjhw3*) q4 uos. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefoot of hn)kt-bux1x)+lgvjz/cq3v/ 0i zjp vzx .jd 4 9orses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day hopzbk)0ijq1/ tjgn9 j d./cxxx4-uvvzz v)+l3rses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result iija9b/h r ca/2gzl.,ejbh 1b )n variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches c- sra. zimhx+sfl826 which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finchhf2cri xas-8m.l+6sz es are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not brz( x64 wo.ezke0/g ;/ ab+bbm2hexvan example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural selection.5nwy ;tganvgvr 39r:g5- kva 5x h(qz7

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a xad/t9l+z.,d gtnt j,b 1efj,term used to describe adaptations. Which of the following best describes the term evo, f,t bt+j/dxj 1te9 ,lgzand.lutionary fitness?