What is the correct definition of a gene poolq*pa(smx 4+6ef ux fo)?

  Which would not cause changes to the9n+j g xb/*-vzh ppfy- allele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a sil7w*+v g9 qv(;0rrfcgyyq( kwmilarity and difference between natural selectio( rwfyy qk+q ( ;9lvr7vg0*cgwn and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston behn bo9* by b)enqv+y45/4tanmtularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the pe+)v5h*ynqb/ab44en9 o nmybtppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used gg *f0dv-yt+xto support the theory odgvy+ t*g-xf0 f evolution?

  Which statement(s) abouezpd c-t 7ve37t natural selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is trkf+4j k bsx:0lo:1s8g, qdxkl ue of punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the j7ee( )weidz7adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and theji eedz7()w7 e average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antibioz0en f tj .c gh/ot(;a*xi-q2dtic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) idturipw8(. wgz+cj 8 fj. 84) jderh)os often used as an example when discussing industrial melanow4dg ut))(r ..8zwjhdp cji+f erj88ism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for evolutionojju9 hu9wo( 9?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of fla )op4 :7uwoe 26a1ntv0bnt minches with large beaks has increased relative to the f7a4tobvm2nn lua6 1):w0ot perequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a gene pooxfi4:p ,ht:y yl.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective br8 / h h6 3mj4tmz/pppzn4-atdheeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing ba.8ns 7ae3yr odcteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door h3ns e.yad7o 8randle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant manner. The:(8jp1mzc2uha y/ nff graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous affected (h2m :z(/y18c fnu jfapHb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta aa6o2 g:o/ vhkkfricana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection expl/koogva kh2:6ain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend itg *k /avi1xf0nto rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. Whaf/ati vx *0gk1t type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analodztul3 qs /::yt; ano*9 beol6gous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shosqe* x; fxz )blxwh .q9(n;oh/wn below, which one is likely to be anale(x hf shn ;;xzoq/)b w.*x9qlogous?

  Which are examples of directional selpue4e cd *6*ovection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natv0wo -b.fgraq,lw j;f b/7 so3ural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainfor-q6xpzlym, 77 z5jgx pests. Which characteri p7 x- zj56p7zlgx,yqmstic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapz+hg 8c1: qwrmted for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants wi1jq mnzx:sc +y5 a:1yvth no resistance to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a coz1anjs1:+x :q yc5yvmmpound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolutio0v w dj(o,5yoyn of features in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day ho,vo j(yd 05yworses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variatior02r* tb0na wqdnw8,gn?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches whi(2hey6cto ha9ch share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finca26y9(e ht ohches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an exai-s4 q9qf i4f6hnix g)mple of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in9ik-q+ lv 1qin natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe a5**m -crkqqx sdaptations. Which of the following best describes the term evolutimq 5k*qc xrs*-onary fitness?