Which of the following7qhgf2t)r;c 7i1qzptxk 36fq does not cause coronary heart disease?

  Which component of blood is mainly composed of water and trans7xz ebu+)n,jx ports water-soluble substances to different b,jenx) u 7xz+parts of the body?

  Which of the following is/are5(jpn0fbqw,b6 )af rik;ey z6ab q- 3t a feature of phloem?
I. Sieve plates
II. Plasmodesmata
III. High lignin content

  Which row in the table is correct f8r na5vnq7k3 xor sugar transport in phloem?

  What helps prevent the backf.)+fp (hc xz: u8vkb w/us;.x3gesmdhlow of blood in a vein?

  Zea mays, pictured below, is a specxipiyvrz025 3ies of flowering plant which is often used as a model for the study riy z p50i23xvof seed anatomy.


A cross-section of the stem was taken from a specimen, and it was stained and viewed using a light microscope at 100x magnification. The resulting image is shown below.

1.Using the image of the stem cross-section above, draw a simple labelled diagram demonstrating the orientation and structure of a vascular bundle within the stem of a plant.

2.State the name of the structure responsible for transporting organic compounds in plants.   transports organic molecules in plants

  Which row in the table below is not co2t8-zxeyso v 1rrect for the structure and function of differentso2 e-1xv8yzt blood vessels?

  The micrograph shows a transverse sectioz8(l,od /(u y4 r 4 rlkc,aczs;j;lhzjn through a leaf.


1.1.Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function.

1.2.Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells.
The organelle in greater abundance in the palisade mesophyll cells is the   

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.


2.1.Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell.

2.2.State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells.

  Which region of the heart is involved in 5au3 )mr7 *ciwjpbvuf8th 7u+u5v mr1controlling the frequency at which it b*uu+5 5urvj c)mfbwui7m1 rt3 ah7vp8 eats?

  The diagram below shows a potometer w +/il(oae kksa4 :t1rjhich is used to measure water uptake in plan+as k jl(a/r ke:i4o1tts.

A plant cutting was placed in the potometer as shown above. What changes would be observed after a few hours?

  Which of the following statement(s) is/are true? 7 nd 9h/5zcujv
I. Cardiac muscle can contract on its own even if not stimulated by a nerve.
II. The left atrium of the heart has the thickest walls.
III. The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood and aid circulation.

  Which of the following shows the direction of blood flow5 uapjub4o0*wqe:n+j into and out of the hea*jwa 0onj+bq ep54uu:rt?

  The diagram below shgh+d:aklt4 5ie0tlc u1;k duq+06 eocows the structure of the human heart.



Based on the diagram, which labels identify the aorta and the left ventricle?

  From which chamber of the zx7 k6.tg)fteui ,5f9.pchy jl, z u3uheart is blood pumped into the pulmonary artery?

  Which of the following carries oxygenated blood from the+ g* cv9zpll1p lungs to the heart?

  The cohesive and adhesive properties of water allow xylem vessels to transport wr* l, +1vxxy)cplr5qz ater inside plantsrx1+v5p r)xcl, zl y*q.
Which of the following are correct descriptions of how these properties are related to water transport in plants?

  Which structures does sucrose pass throug57, 7z-mhlhcp1bgtj d h during phloem loading?
I. Plasmodesmata
II. Proton pumps
III. Co-transporter proteins

  In an investigation into the effec n qy3tjclfps:c6 b) 8bf92bk9ts of artery occlusion on blood pressure, students set up a simple experiment. A rigid, hard, plastic tube, representf93b: y6csb2tp8bk q 9njf)l cing an artery, was fixed to an electric water pump, and the end was sealed with a rubber stopper. A single hole was drilled into the plastic tube and the electric pump was turned on. Students measured the distance the water stream travelled.


In subsequent trials, students added increasing numbers of equally sized and shaped clay-like masses to the inside of the plastic tube and the distance the water stream travelled was measured again.


Results are shown below.

1.1.Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

1.2.State two control variables, not mentioned in the question, that must be kept constant in order to achieve valid results.

2.1.Outline the relationship between the number of clay-like masses and the distance travelled by the water stream.

2.2.Explain how the results of this experiment can be used to understand artery occlusion.

3.Based on the results, predict the distance travelled by the water stream if there were no clay-like masses present.
Distance travelled by water for 0 clay masses=  cm
4.1.Using your knowledge of coronary heart disease, suggest a reason for the anomalous result seen when 5 clay-like masses were present.

4.2.State a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease.

5.Identify a limitation of using the plastic tube to represent an artery in this experiment.

The diagram below represents the circulatory s zaum/6mq l.) bpf(8:skdgpn4ystem of a fish.


1.Distinguish between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system.

2.Describe the advantages of a double circulatory system in humans.

The diagram below shows the structure of a heart. - a8; wmk..oarbnf1k s

1.With the use of labels, identify the following in the diagram above.
right atrium
left ventricle
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

2.1.Identify the location of the sinoatrial node.

2.2.Describe the function of the sinoatrial node.

2..Describe how the heart responds to messages from the brain.

  The microphotograph below is an /nc p-yvh 0l.2t,rpk- ws3or kelectron micrograph of a cross-section of a stem ofpo- 3-s lrn/r0ywp .vkhtk2c, the monocot Zea mays.

Which letter identifies phloem?

  The diagram below showi y+nf quj2n6:s the structure of the human heart.


Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

I. When the walls of the atria contract, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles because the atrioventricular valves are open
II. When the walls of the ventricles contract, the increase in pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close which prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
III. When the ventricles stop contracting, the pressure falls and the semilunar valves close preventing backflow from the arteries to the ventricles.

  The image below is an electron micrograph of the stem of the monocot Ze5hn m : s y:qs;.a e:zy41g06pghgtzcya Mays.

What function is performed by the structure labelled X?

  What effect does the evaporation of water+gxgg 0d;:k.3z n amzh in leaves have on other parts of a plant:z g .0mzkx+g d3;hgna?

  What is the position of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves at the point buw2 q1m yk ,+v7t74ejay7l dzin tb7 7j4lw d1 yuzatym27ke+,v qhe cardiac cycle at which the pressure in the left ventricle is the greatest?

  The diagram shows sucrose being pas b(ajse,w2;q9mnkzc.vb 5c8psively loaded into the sieve tube unaided, before bwn(ev zbm p,.9 scq2j8a;bc5k eing transported around the plant.

Which structure is labelled X?

The micrograph below shows the xylem vessels in a developing sho)pdrk f77rwy,2d gfpbhu 69k)ot taken at 400× magniw )f6972 rkdpkr7b,uydhp)fgfication.

1.Draw and label the structure of a primary xylem vessel in a developing shoot using the micrograph above.

2.Describe the features of xylem vessels which enable them to withstand changes in pressure.

3.Explain why the active uptake of mineral ions in roots leads to the absorption of water.

  What is the main factor that causes the pressure inside xylem vessels to b/5qaf 59 ;3z5muvaqyii+s;g tbzw cj)ri e21ve lower than a59z; yi vr )5a ams2b/5qc3tj eg;1 w+iqfviuztmospheric pressure?

  How are most mineral ions in the soil absorbed by roo0jdsm0u5z a; ots?

1.Outline the risk factors and consequences associated with plaque b 8iy ek )) bte/ucaqu2dm68lt:uildup in the coronar tue di:82ymkuce6l 8qb)ta /)y arteries.

2.Outline how the pressure changes in the left atrium and left ventricle affect the surrounding valves and blood flow.

3.Explain how the structural features of the arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted to support their functions.

  Which of the following is li)ffae7)d csh6 d*t v;)6bhk kgkely to have the highest lignin content?

  The graph shows the results of an experiment wha3 eiimx2 * wf *87g,lcw5ngduich used radioactively labelled carbon dioxide (14nm*w85uegxdc*g2ii 7 , f3wla$CO_2$ ) to investigate the time taken for sap to travel to different colonies of aphids present on a plant.

Which conclusion could be supported by these results?

1.Compare and contrast the phloem found in the stem and the root of a plant ,ie t.y xwcj:;b98thr.

2.Outline the mechanisms by which sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes.

3.Explain the changes in hydrostatic pressure within the phloem that facilitate the transport of phloem sap from sources to sinks.

  Which row best represenmd0: (2qwm03v vx/sp7svxb nbts the solute concentration and hydrostatic pressure within the siev0mv bxb:vwv xq 2(n3s 7sm0d/pe tubes near the leaves and roots?

  The image below repres8k,5asylx cuj1q (nj:ents the changes in pressure in the left atrium, left ventricle and thecuaqx:( j ls85j1n ,yk aorta.

At point II in the diagram, which of the following is likely to take place?

  Which row in the table correctly identifies featurt4.al *g/zc vaes of sieve tube elements?

  This image shows an aphid with its stylet inserted into a if (5tt-,ez/ :*jfdnc wv8mdb)vx a(mvz5gd;plant. Aphids have been used to study transportgwx-5zv5j(: md vmi*v(bfctznde8 f/);a ,dt in plants.

1.Name the tissue that aphids insert their stylets into.
This tissue is   .
2.Outline how scientists use aphids to study the substance transported in this tissue.

3.Explain the differences in the contents and rate of flow of phloem sap at sources and sinks.