Give a reaction between two bq7x3sfeeh.8 nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a h8 eeb7xsf.3q$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic izy tz/o:0rq:qwq- f- energy is much greater than its rest energowi zq:-:r y q/-f0ztqy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the constituents of nbm wu3y4xn,d.i2 bky /ormal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came iin,/y w4kby.2mxbd u3n contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic int:gs 5ikzb c;7cxf k82seraction?

Does the presence of ap29*r3c8l eyv7pez pi neutrino among the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurv* 9z3 l87p2pypce reis via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the px:tmg7;p/ ktep+ b y*weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (protonbym *g; :kexp7tt p+/p) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, x*bjc) ,wt5ig.re- fugravitational) does an electron take -w,)fg xe.5*jbrcuitpart in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are cons/qiou4 07mo oi 0,fsdrerved in each of the decays in Table 32-20m 7i i u,fro4doo0qs/.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the elbcxuqtc:5 mdr z *588cectromagnetic interactimc*5 c 8zt8rb: x5ducqon?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by 9i3 fo6 pi 7wuidn)jkaf,.t4cthe weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, do0qgk2p pczw42w i h6os)- 7z1om8nzyxes $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 oc)eug meka/ u6s*ek d*/cur via the electromagnetic interact/)ms/6ed * kuge*ea kuion?

Which of the particle -+)dnlkzlcur rgfd )*7 i,-mw 2ewx1xdecays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neeg a. dh4z,wz9 jqi;ctfs 07,qutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could youf7q9. 4 g,dw0eizsqtzha;,c j say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be wvjxrqh9(9vu7 y+t8yion6hn5)cj0p both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would zpd5iq 6.fkqkc)4zl+it be possible to find particles made up of two qua)qik. zkq+fd 5l46czp rks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free0jlzkp6: vv lsxduy2e: ,j ;x7psg+o 3 but not when they are inside the nucleu 7pk6usov vx 0z xlpj2e:;jdgs,:y3l+ s?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whosxk.0b9 - kils ;u;+dfrd-yhgse kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV elgq+ jmpy.zl 3(h ;ep.hectrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyc2:9 7 tip)ujj78uxx/n zzmxd qlotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energy proton in 8 7 husdntc/;v-pwg.lthe 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accew 7u.dt8 -slv ;/pnchglerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron a-uyxbcg*78x of Example 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out dety2h) i.tzp()8m a recgails of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon iny) p2hgrcezm )a(.it8 a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of bk l6+rs g/iw,7/ cxbv+gmt9 ia cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic energy ivtxbi b,+/9g kgl wsm+7 /6rcof 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengthkbsn b32-w 3x/unbyb * ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of ;z+r9qrtear(uue . 1c/ mm nk4l,d:mh 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house t :nynt0)-py1k klr: ik00mj gjhe magnets for the Large Hadron Coll0 0 n:nm)kryktjgk0-i1yl j:pider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes aboukui am j,:tg0.t 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleratik:,tjgm 0 iua.on is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy d+;cbojb wx +j3x/z)j of a particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field k nhvsja0, y6*intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0y avkj* 6s0hn,-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the dev--.lkrm9 lk v:tmko,cay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is release(:w/(zrrz 2 mwu:mhlaf/j h e1 9.m vsmp7arv,d when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutrptb*la2ee cx7wp4 4 0oon pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle were bwvt )gg9je)scva 0- 3i7xk3pthe kaon ic0)-agxt7ew )sgpv9i jk 3 b3vnstead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each omb k gua+:/qw /qnq.v) wl pexew;4x(;ther with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic (xwuxvaek+e.lpqqg wq b;w ; m:n)//4energy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutronsnujb/xr (q29i9yy:uo each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, colli /boqrx9u(u:nj iyy 29de, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of tig qq..p ncj6y-rfd. (he W and Z particles as about 80 to i6j.(dr . gpfqcq.ny- $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a proton and anz1u op)ap*qbc) d; l.) j;cg 6qt-ibistiproton at rest annihiz )cqs*1lp btgdiai .6jpq) b;c- u;o)late? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that itd(0 4npt som1i is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a si1(pt nio sd0m4ngle photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electron(+*ihvw.v 6xy1 tkitucw0t3q l :g;ty and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate headw3t6;y .t (lk1vuv:h*xw0+gittciqy on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For those fodcm 0 +9zjn:yorbidden, explain whatc+jz: y md9n0o laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of n )wd(lqh*je-2ub:o;g n ;hmp each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic iao./b 38;vm qhx8q3ilys o.oenergy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifetip* bbkl zvg h8kvf5b98+wpv (p:5yj+ av9f 0cime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width o(+d 3ytvvj8o+:i p 0adkdx;la l:gi1)c ssr(nf the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the on)g03 j -xtgvgy)xln qr*qp: uu2+ 4/u yp2qu$J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or unc2wu+ikql3(c jw1 4 t;c3yn;q 7ayjg duertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decai3u *m w5vsi.lys are possible? For those that are forbidden, explain which laws are violi5u*svm3 iwl .ated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations thih 5r/(bzmd puxof db0(,l 43fat can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) lz r5odd(fh ,(0b4p /x3ubmif a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations produce+e +d +r(l9 r a,geeeb(r2shov: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combin3,e(vd;m0 w .urtioqe ation needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the r2f 3dxsd24oa zkmu)(e9 df0 xseaction d9m es4 0u (x3zfk )f2dadosx2$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for t8xhn .0h*u8ms jg6nav/ hf/ c*h cz/rbhe reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? Wha- lxpr+- y/um:bagxx/t is its wavelengthl:/xm+-r xuxg/-ya bp?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatro t,8gr3k.f(u4eye-xmr ydo78kmiw8sn with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and88m(mxky3e,wtr. e-f8yi gkdo us7 4r approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron 34phcr*2* jc xv v7;qc goge:hannihilate each oth4 g cjx7;co:e3*crhqvh2pg *v er? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possi wsnho+z3btzyzl-4818a yly:q7 *t8jb1omb eble, and by what interaction could they occur? For 8:m4ylzq3ao *z1yt-b hwb z8oe+j 87ys nbt1l those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactio; 1ky k3rzs5t+h vs/knns are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain why. sktn+z3 /1 s5vkrkyh;
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a+h7+-* r /xjjb0:y fdo higjln $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the elelx4y,a2)3wkrsr hcw ,ctroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each jrej *jki/*7iof the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. 7*i/jjri* jek $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the rea v alo; wi6i2ycdy:7f)ction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in5ms3aalwf3e/i 4 qh--.x,s4a yvtcll a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate ees(z f4i 3:jyjach other at rest and produce two pions, zj4ef3i ( j:sy$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the soh s ydayxyy6c-(m4;x 9-called unification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in 1 npt1m( hdk4ymm-2cia reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the1 4d2mkt(m-c iph nym1 lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reactionsph n*1 u8bc3bb.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describezp,*sg( t 55k3;yih hrnqk (ij+gmdg* the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed1j ,qq+bd zt0v of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?