Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq.3i)af3-qaaj1jpr 5 b w e35jry 32-4, that could produce a ie)y1j jjfa5b33a -rap 5rqw3$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so thathcl*bx c jl,-( its kinetic energy is much greater than i-* b, cljx(hclts rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to l (d--s(r( d1ovz ah .obw0muhthe constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world b 0 -h(rld(dm o.uvaz(1soh-wof matter?

What particle in a decay signals thw z;+eyn kkq9+e electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a o3ji2tx:o t e7*9csgv :3 reerparticle necessarily mean that the decay v:2 ro3c3ejig s97ore: et*tx occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interrwk0a.dp ur5dd5urxsmhe:j ( 1*) a q7action even though the neutron and one of its decay er*1 u.pd x( hsmd5d50w a:kjqra )7urproducts (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactio/yoxf 43le 2)ygpxa z2ns (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? zfyxy pga2eo 24/3)xlA neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each off;uucl f) c d6a7te* ixk *p-mz27dc+f the decays in Tablec-+2d;6fxpf )7zelm i*cfa udtu* c7k 32-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the gxnkknyw2m 14gw81d2vc ch*,6i e; bo electromagnetic interactionox1g8621e;k mvb nn i2g,c *kyd4whcw?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 i4wgqrmrrp6b ;6c; t8 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, doelm)w 6 wiki n/-mx3v3cs $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the elezx6w q,7 afl0s vx)tdt6;qot8 f.3rarctromagnetic interacf8zata.o tql )7v6w3frd 6 ;,xq0xtsrtion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interacfnez5(j xu7d ni-+dy8yhq; r2tion?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, hawu6esho bhdtw jy v0r8;zcr8j,n) nx2,9;x4cd no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak fov ecy9;0s bohnwt8r 4u2,xn jwczx)6,hd8; rjrce. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle toy;i ba7(uv 7:f6cxeun be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would itjoula z(a zcd3l4.-7s/pmb g . be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two an4(.b l jcsm.3/oa7l-z daupgz tiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay : y3pz6 vst-v;hl)5g r:sxyr pwhen they are free but not when they are inside the nucleus?:yv3-ysp p;sr6 z5xlv :h)rtg

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kineti*k* ja;z z0p((yqg0knw ww:afgn p+ +nc energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electron,)ierq9bt 8 h 9zeyjyccw4 o(*2v mkq,s. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic fiel /:bneo(-5 + 7rbmmfsomqc/dv d is used in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-en)bb la1 kz-(lkergy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelka(-z) bbk 1llerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 sd0tr d,ayl w ks bb,g6rd- )/7+akui.accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alphas gd byi9w pe8z)(j6:m particles or 30-9jd m ie6s(z) b:pyw8gMeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions yf2 -v t/zge;odo protons make to reach a kinetic energy of 25 Mygt;eov2 zf/ -eV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength,68;tua hygs dcfj1(k ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deutero*m6r0m qen/qlns ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel;c lgrym .ag jn:vq 5.hg-t(+f that will be used to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic fiel (: ftgyvg.q+hcj. ra 5g;-nmld will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 siwm3s85m :55x.dw(4cjypi *j krmi lleconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is do sww:(r4mxcji3d5*l5k i ij mm58.ly pne once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle +h41u1;d.wccu hqm n/ 8yid mj(charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermil r+0vi9;ii lvwab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV protons? liwvr+09iiv; B =    T

  How much energy is red ajaf k6y17q8fh.xsm-,jrr s*k/bhd* ;s2e s leased in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is releasedlr aweth.a.7zz .bg 1-yecr8pb20g+t when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutppc*kih2;k 4obrq 84nron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of djiu*/z5z -)r1jgsvb the strong force if the mediating particle were the kaon instg *-j)1i/d zurz5vbj sead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. What minimum k (/g 8gmtp1tt:cj; ajainetic a mg;gpj:c (tj1t t8/aenergy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have if they are trllhn znn 5y/eg)f7: m.aveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and p z 7l/gyn)fhnel.: 5nmroduce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the Wxw7tu- z :;bczky+uy0 and Z particles as a:bzut;zxw7c 0y- yk+ubout 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two mc02sfe0)0ku/ x srkzphotons produced when a proton and antiprotor s z2xk0e0mk/0scf)un at rest annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and eyz4v tsx. .pd3fxg;u;nergy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below;vg; sxf3x .4zt.du py)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electron andd4f +drbi+i rhzt s2/7 a positron, each with 4z/h4rtif+r s7 idb+2d 20 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For th7o9td6p kf.i trf +n)sose forbidden, explain what lawnp +osff 67t .9rtkid)s are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products hd63i ;q svava42,wv0 ui rq7sin the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic en 8k/7g0,gh wkp-jmyzjergy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the -q i:je +,6 q:ighfmp1.qivhv lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the 0svnlnzj 47r8xtb x/uq y:e9.$\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of3h 5ltv:vh-r f the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty) ofs1v y-+iciv 2y1+z+/hwot o rt
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays p,t -y ryj5kb6are possible? For those that are forbidden, explain which laws are violatej 6r b-tpy,5kyd.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinatxx6 rc3 )0/jwxxo t:jqions that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, 6xox0r3:j c)/ txjxq w(c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quarw/4 lt bp; :gl);q) 3 cffoymqcja6:pdk combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination neededuex 7i1b 7 g hkt;hg/1vz)f2su to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (y6 qzvg4;w)n has in Fig. Below) for the reactionvgw6 nh q);yz4 $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for th-xhkk;s0x ov.0cw t9ee reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? Wbu/)/hs 0lbwae-bn o k b2i8+ihat is its wavelengtb-b2lhbaie) /n usokw +0b8/ih?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermi84mfd 86ax6xjwb/d pjlab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take foabfwmx8d6 x8 /j46d pjr them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is rele52dwu4zo 7mxr:r2uep ased when an electron and a positron annihilate each othe7uoe4m2uw2:dz p5rrx r? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction co, i: x-r8jaoh6xxu. xuuld they occur? 6- h x.axu ,rjxuoi:x8For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, aw64hycot1b( r nd by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain why. (by4c 6ht1orw
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a g ot.r4ar6f-g$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electro3;prj;iu i *zc rq8u;bweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for vjptgl2oq/ w.,czssgo+*;;8ez b l4v producing a pion.o4*pc2 bqs w+olz;;8 gvtl, ej vz./gs $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for .2p1 bfzsacnfo:8hhb ab3/c3 the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental ferma0k z 8vw- /gdjd1vg7gions are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and producepth )9yi.qxb l*so4 1y two pions, .9y1hpstxbi l 4q y)*o$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-cak/u+)b1( h ndmkvoyx )lled unification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of gm0 es g mu)u7ucf;3)c4+ai gsproper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinet+c 0ieua)umm4sgg uf)s ;cg 73ic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing partiu:cuf e, yqv97cle in the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model toi8h l6 bib5ryr /8kv2rno;zw q; chwg870b8a m describe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed ofer- kin.s. ;z)y kyi8oopd+;b7ujl1d light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?