Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. gih(*gyqe8m7ccb j 0+32-4, that could produce a ch7y8g cb*e0mjiqg( +$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, svy.ga+ffyi 1;+0w elg 1z9n hjo that its kinetic energy is much greater than ni .y g;ljyf+hfa+ zev091 g1wits rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the consk uglh1:)d hob -(bwkbm/7 4q.nkjs (ntituents of norma 1g:n7wsbqlbjbdo)- .km h (/kuh4nk(l atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic xwegqtm ,c4omw12+ 55 yk7epty*zsh 4interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino amongv wfk:tt pr+;; the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutw+kt:frv p ;;trino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak intera w ,+2+snhqod0-)zwx8jcyud 3 e1gurection even though the neutron and one of itsewc1do30+s ,jw 8-zdgur2n hq)+eyxu decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (stron.q1swbq: hjm 0g, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A neutrino? A pr .:wbsjq0h q1moton?

Check that charge and r(t graw8f6b(off +804jy4jv+ bhkb n baryon number are conserved in each of the decays in Tablekbn4f+ab68w4 trj vf (oy8h0gf+ (rb j 32-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur c) x,/vxvaqc goi:04m via the electromagnetic interac0 a:mvgxxic/4,qov)c tion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interact- b3xek1bia+s ion?

By what interaction, and why,zwc,pi85cc 4 v does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electrr-a ds )ym9lujg+p8g0rv5h) jomagnetic interac) -)dr85grgmhuaj90jl +p vs ytion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the +dpchq -xb 66eweak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no coleg 2m8 b73iys 7lh n*x/uh, s5ypggnl*or charge or electrical charge, and did n,5 p hg e 7ns/mng73yl*s* xybhlg2iu8ot feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a p+i 0z.ocq: tuv -hc1crarticle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of qua.rd o+;eof (r7qcpv3rj ,e8hoo( .le cntum chromodynamics, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and d(l.c,j p. orfevo 7;oo8rhqr3cee (+no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay z tue8 6zm(+tawhen they are free but not when they are inside the nucleus?tz 8azm e6tu+(

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic ener v9q9 bf4epvt5gy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electrons. vjpx qg* 3a.ez. eo.yo( 75sah E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magneticfu0;,s c +vflop, 4:cshnbk5 m field is used in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energe 3sc/puhnsbt .+oire i( -*1cy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accel1p(/ues t n coi-*.serh+ bci3erator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotronwwi ey13nu 365 pw / ozyvk2/qd.yf5,l buo+la of Example 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out detaf.tna5)ui0qx ils of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV.iuf5 x0) ntqa protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the d j:.t09q nqmq )dpxp7f7gv w4eees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons ma:d7 .x4pgt0 q)v m9ejpq7wnqf ke to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengthqwd)/na12yr d 7gl3l, zblh;h ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 19tlj94 m4 .ajoy/ukb8t(fk0* l q+mqfvxr8 i c.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets for the Large H 88 o+h 9kdy tzl1y0. .r0x4lvicsdfaxadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic fc+vkdlorihd9x sz 1a l0 x4t8.y08 yf.ield will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energ(7unm t7 k,lq5 e8aquiies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The ac8in u7tmlq7 (u,5eaq kceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (chafh 3a3s-x0rt wyh;,d8bt9htdh )cu,m rge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is a*fm y:(jfi w:needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV jim f:wafy :*(protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in uq;h3qd+:1; g tmo 4 foqc3sgxthe decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released whee yvpm,nuln6n95nm eb.x 4 78vey*tn5n a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a .75fyeamft xn:z km4y5, er/l neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong fze.dnp75mv fzobm* 6b (s1o /horce if the mediating particle were the kaon ins m(nbpo*hms /e6f vz.b 1z75odtead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each og * +3wpys)s9mqfwx 8p4ofk+zther with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy muy wqp fgk3+pow+98*s fzmsx4) st each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each hav6ah 0haj59iqxnfvjgrg2e4 46 e if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and produ6qhjn40a9grfex24j65ga hivce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the mas*lq.- pqq zc7rgh4h:ases of the W and Z particles as about 80 to hzqp.-7r l q:g ah*cq4$90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a proton and ad z 8dtjvzx82e19ma.untiproton at rest annihilate? z.jz 898 d2t1xadvume $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energypbl.- c 7joo +6a.k2b(buqnzr7(r exo, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With uj7(r6b-bbkox nz( lqe.p+.ao r2 7octhis result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two pvkpi2j) c6l t9107p8jov8eujqapq 9yhotons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 42pujlvpj7 )i8 e90qj2k6pty1qv9 ao8c0 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For t-s ee+df6bz;xuyd w+2hose forbidden, explain ef6ub+ xeys d2- +w;zdwhat laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kineti20mj8d/ a 6ek +rdv ze-v.diibc energy of each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetzdcgpx5o ry083 3f(oq ic energy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifetime of it r cu6b/2jif08z(plthe $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ofvb:xoh, ifi4wf0gkfa -y4 83b the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thefp ,hlx* (mnd* $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainaiet hv:n0u 49u +k7tety) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are fzwgj+r, qd wu88pohcs22x 2c4orbidden, explain which +4gwrqw hjc,x d22uzs8 c2po8laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that canfphc0m;mk;c ,p8d w.e form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) pc.; h;mcw ,08kdme fpa $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following f; tk3k;0ts;hg1 ldpq2n6myp quark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to p17er s2 s:xaau-up fo2roduce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for theod+:m9iawut(q5hpv+b p y / .p reaction ud+9b.v:q(hmyt5w p aoi+ p/p$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reac(v9f: c ,erw6iz3vd mrtion $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton w.ripsf3 xq,-ibc; 6jw hose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelength? c6,wbr- f .x;piq s3ij
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radip4n6+vsnlvh 6gks4m+9ojf w* us Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far dlkg+6vs+ 6f4p 9 jwvnno 4m*sho they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released whe z ybpds7,)tyej3+5/j(mja:z 6huc nfn an electron and a positron annihilate each smy:a z , z y5jenbp/jtj37+6fcd(uh) other? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the followingg zlg44plpu9 lqez*0( reactions are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, exl04pqzg zlg4 (*uple9plain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions a5 -llqtl(c-tq 7grm; yre possible, and by what interaction could they occur?- qrlg ytl5qm(t;-7lc For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for aa(:dp * 7ppxzwkt 9izpuv85p+ $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at abou5p* ,yy liko;pt $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value f gv3(m(abywj4: x3f t7l2wfyjor each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. vjty bf 3j274w(a3gm:xwf(yl $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value foep ww5p84tbu df+d)z4r the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water molecule?996zlhiu6 s5e*lsrilu.w i/i    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihil)e., ql j byj.zi-kvp1ate each other at rest and produce two pions, ylzq.k1 j-v,je . bpi)$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distanc66-v /d vccsjge of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured b:,wjlr vx)lsmni3r*2u g 22vin a reference frame where the particle i:u snvi23l v,g*blx mrr2j )w2s at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reactionlpj:odt ;5tfpl* 26 cns.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to dek)c*nlymrlsn3 m-jg6* m0qn 1scribe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the s*fjcy v*uz / y0o-7a g;3vb6;dtthdhapeed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?