Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. :-anb1nepi5m32-4, that could produce a 1i m-anp b5e:n$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic energyr ;e vmbjvb((w(j/) rk is much greater than i k bbjr(/;)wvrjme( v(ts rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the consti7ewufq) zp8 0gtuents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of mattefp q0zge8w) 7ur?

What particle in a decay signq+z( gik :tc4 1jv2bypals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products o7pjip0x1:q krtx xs4,jh*l1yf a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interacti07pkyxqjxt 1sjrp* x1h :l,4ion? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutrod aqdoeax )19g(qcf;mu2l0z 0t(yyt 0n decays via the weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interacting(z;m2oy19f qd e d0u(00 aqytcgt)x al?

Which of the four interactions (strong, elf+u hdyl1s; g iffs5bh +-ol*0ectromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part infs fg ++hlfb*d-y 1u0o 5is;lh? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and bc6 e8 sogg84oyhnll 8/aryon number are conserved in each of the decays in Table ec8y68g h 8/4og onlls32-2.

Which of the particle 4gh/w2;lwc l lc/g)bedecays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interac;b/ l)c leh4g/lgwwc2 tion?

Which of the particle deckmj( bk6f:pvpcaar; xvmy; o; h(p)06ays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and 0-g(e80wbqy3z fd jjjwhy, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagneno okg ;ou.) qchg6og989b:i ytic interaction9i n;o:b 6 )ggq8oyo ouck9gh.?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interac d.irtb.n,ueyg- w tl+k0r*c4tion?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neut+ r1g sq8-oj zyz*kqa1zb +rp7rinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could yo sz1ra-r q*byo g+zk1q8z p+7ju say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be both tbetds3q-z ql*9oc 39
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynafnuei0 e.1gj hxg, o7in./4 bvmics, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no4b1/e 0fnv.ug.i7h nx j,ig oe antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they afzydn m(t1 kes q5mp .9l6t:27qicix ,re inside the nucleumsfxc:2mtqk (dqe7l pn,6.iz19it5ys?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total ener 0pkv76+bio3whg-2 tcfptkr8gy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength ofr41ijkbir0c 8 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is usedc d)d q-.2kso tan;4yd in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energy 8 j anz*zqvk)fu 2n28)3qeqjsproton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? 8* e3 n z2qzqjj)suna)q8kfv 2 T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-ht0:bf0q9ufny rd,(sgk( 0ku2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucle lwt6dt(e9czmk 8do1-us: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-Mewz-dd8tcm1o6 (klet 9V protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotronl y10gwlwq a* x)wc(ygm1zdx0-vb/4u is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make t0* yxwwxg1vlq40(bduc)a- /mw1yz glo reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengt g(v6qq6 3mvcghr1z e0h ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accele/8-wn g9rm 8cyu5o9x: bwpslwi t.t e6rate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnd+grc o7 m+b(8erw8wwfb3a8e,g/g2lhy ah + yel that will be used to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams o 8wwrhy(7 hg 2eo3fa gyrwb+8+e+ a8g cl/dbm,f energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes abou 2w w 3se+nwcy vs*o08iw9q0xct 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is do3 * cc +owi9wsxesyv w80wq2n0ne once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (cha-ekldy 32hw:b fsb:f9j40 ykyrge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermiw3 br ,bjg3-unnb,:ik lab synchrotron fg-3b3,nk r bb,nji:uwor 1.0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is r/b4 7gtc(,khdpp 7h cmeleased in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released whenf dj7l)h mv:wb/rlh :: a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-an 17 ilw,ndv ab3aj z;bk*ke)o;tineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediatinm9, cl7t1j+sdih; lw ng particle were the kaon instead of the pi91+sl it7,wl dcmh; njon. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. What m1 .umq +bz5lyzinimum kinetic energy must eachz+1 5 l.uyqbmz have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two det/,h2-eyr* zzlfh 0: b.k xaneutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other,/2lerxyfzb0 dth,-ke. * a:z h collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak exj 7(ikf ,fi-force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z fji e-7kx, (fiparticles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced whec1wpz x 40uqhhm**bd .n a proton and antiproton at rest *0cuxhw4mb *p hd1.qzannihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum0oh8 fun(vid nlp:b 59g4e4:igaa d i) and energy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only aa:)io e0gn a4i5iph(:4dl fbgun89vd single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electro ,tb*:wl+ujlsxx /m*mn and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate he:x+b* wtmx/*,sjlmluad on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For those forbidden3sw3xwm wv:)ehc ;2i nn-t ki*, explain whatxci)s:v 3hm* 3wne2 ;-n twiwk laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the twa fkb +e(h8+dm b5 zz9nf6up;zo products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy m lsarw :l;o+a0s2sp*oxlg-+ of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and th obmqg1)s*a9m en the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the0smwea vywdj2o )iuce8 tf0xka0) 54) $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ofx l(vj)s udq+1pb/. jf the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty) of ls; ea4w4(i xp
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the followingkh5h .a2 nudj g3k0d;q decays are possible? For those that are forbidden, explain which laws are violated. ;kqhj3naudg 250hd. k
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinat fe f2if )p/vb an+5knkk8,1iwrsia2/ions that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c ii,k)wr pnikak2 sf/81b/f5+2anef v) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark comb8f o) etmd*bn;inations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed t:9v8c3cvqaswq0(esjx gxk) *o produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fr) hhcmfe9. +tig. Below) for the reaction rm.h+e 9ht)fc $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagr+er4 j vldi+)xam for the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy o 0yv /)6r:+kkm ( hshp6ai/kxi2bfofc f a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelength?k)my6v20fh r/ (/+s kpoixiac:6fbk h
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected i6h,mkgb cz+q it18u -gmxl:w .nto the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far:mc kb hwi6-gt,1ul +8xgm.qz do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when a n ssh(8+rvrw1n electron and a positron annihilate each other?+w8vrr1 (hns s $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what inte;47 6 l..bc/itujylpu6etmzrnt56 z traction could they occur? For those fr 7tt5e6mb. piyj6 6 znl.utclu4 t;z/orbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction could thed lhvr / yot4kg3;dr30gkn9m 3y occur? For those forbidden, explain why. kty r m9d4 o/nkrv3gdlgh303;
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a16iz+ km3p*uddiil/4vgy/dexk - h8b $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the e3s py3cq0kdhto84(c gdq : r8hlectroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pi4rwgi 7 qc vi61vj*hp0av u( m)(c/l/6bhfzj yon. /0fjcpg)y*l i v/qac7h hb(rj 1 uimz(4v v66w$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reactiomy e *buslf,*t -bpd9-jsi-c,n $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fda 7 ,nc2uttgdzwz2-/6ml l9 vermions are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce two ppybls*r+ x1: uhi*zbd4eu4p6 ions, 6*hudpys4zlu4 b:br* x1e +pi$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unif;b jm3;a7hdh nication distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, ymii*b;a1aet+/ z t:u measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV,m;i +atu /e:b zt*a1yi how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing partic/c*ps1. kgcvoj(hcf: le in the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the reactio8,bv*h0r9gznj ue bb6 n $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the -9 iixp6lse7m speed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?