Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a wuar61zz0 os, r 6zw so,10azu$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kine y8 ovnrgbn -0ihte.3mi2k6 5itic energy is much greater than its rest energn0iim3ktye in r5.68gbo2v-hy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the an jwuf1 .;l4q/csbu(lxhtt8 m 5tiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, cs 1utqc xw uhm.t;blj( /8lf45onsist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic interactitf b;pv/g 1il1on?

Does the presence of a neutrino among ehq0v- 3drn-cz1ik g4the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak i hv4 q--0icrn 1zk3egdnteraction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutjw x v87b(tog-ron decays via the weak interaction even though the neutron an( jw t-gv8bx7od one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromae4, hsxmwh0 f/gnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A neutrino? fmxe, 4h/hws0 A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of the decays in-nji -m* moj*n Table 32omjmn-in*j* - -2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromat-s0)y+ iu*qa yewx -vgnetic interacti iu+ w*-stvy-e0x)q yaon?

Which of the particle decays in T/ ;9p4t6sd(cq +u u4uk+nk8af hpn wueable 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, does jkn3gty 1o2c+$\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the elecfi -e.ek+k)/ +o0ra n5 2ocl)dwrgutg tromagnetic interactionkcfle+ .arnoi)wg g uteo5k)+-0 2 rd/?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the wyjx )/k,3qm;bqk yc-peak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "n/6tgz8 b12dlvr o0 xytrs4nh5 eutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, anddry ts10vl6 znr54/b82gxo ht did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle tycfa-vke4p cp j0(m* uzuih.;1y(j( ho be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics,cnyjog t -g 9x32c:kt4 would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks anjk tc 2tg-n4g:c93yoxd two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay wftbv /p wuk/06hen they are free but not when they are inside the nucleus?6 uf/t0kvwp/b

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy djsv d55vdf8pam49g 3.4au mzof a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the waveleng:hyzbs8t ;w 7og o,6jpq.f.cr th of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic f e*(9ba*p q1nkqjq;,gpk nvg 881fg btield is used in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complzmb)6db1du+ rete revolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab1drzb6 )ubd+m accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Ekc :yse yo.5q1xample 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the z.izoaj;j 3y,vjucvf1an/f n3m;j6 9 nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths n ji jj3zv.a3ouc1j,;mfz; fa69v/ nywith the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclwu3k/et2 8y qnotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to ny q3ew /ut28kreach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the waveleng:oown- q hj2;9i u 89qgjhg;myth ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to acceq88 . u sa+elk8n0daeblerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be usgrvht 5pv2 f .m1/lr.zed to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will.5rflvvtgp2 zrm/h.1 be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevabkix)vc)36 kuoe;dg /3v.kif2 x4bvdtron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stofd)kixc4vx /okvv;2ekbiu3 63) .dbgred protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (charcay)jg,j (9 jy(3rdtm ge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermiln4 :f5m7utr m /iq8hbt :co.bdab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV:mn5uibmcqf/t o.4d:h tb 8r 7 protons? B =    T

  How much energy is rele 2l:u5 4)f ax:shz8 vxlytpxz1ased in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is ru.0 r bolgmar54s;iu;eleased when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is requirelxw;n-*uys +o ;mgnl3 d to produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle were th;tael-1 yu64bsrsi;io +zu/9 em z1ybe kaon instead of the ; el1ao 1smz-z;49 iyybb+uriu s6te/pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. What minimjlordq l56hw3yds7 v:on x j0o34r58mum kinetic enerhsj nw45d6m0jvy:or5x3 qr dol78 l3 ogy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two*oyb7x3fywa . kx xk8v4l.zr; neutrons each have if they are traveling at th7kyx .xor*.zfx;y3wbv4kl a8e same speed toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak f3.qs 2ghcb:j eorce using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z partis3 b:e c.qhgj2cles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a proton b(+dtd z -qh*gand antiproton at rest annihi*d hb-z (tgq+dlate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible for anuc3ov. y7ddh)4z x j7n isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagc3 4.ho jz7)7u xdynvdram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths ofd)0 t)uk4m:jgq xbw;h .og d3s the two photons produced when an electron and a positron, eachdsdtxw).qm:oj0k3 h4b )ug;g with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays arez6 lnh,mjjp0cs r:. 1l possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws j 0r 1mln:zs,hjcp l.6are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the +nafgm:76w k utwo products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum vh/ tzf3fo 8)rxnqxv:e )m5c*kinetic energy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy wid: ;w kzy 5rk9wk);y;eymnabct dil;90th and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ox8 j8uslld7 smz dx921f the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thiicwf/ +b ,dm q*u15ine $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncert:)3,b)ol/ xhfsrt q5w/i)/xcfoy+e nf(phmv ainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that ar enz(tz94 p3uqe forbidden, explain which laws are vioz n(ue9qzt3p 4lated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutrouy3cr-n- sn k.-) kyoinzv-r 5n, (b) an antineutron, (c5zins-nykru)r . v-yc- k-on3 ) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations produce: (a)s ssr-,a5nn a+ $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combindt *7q k(rrgld+0 gst3ation needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig.pc n1m)b fj,zo v77qo0 Below) for the reaction v)7mfo0 ,obpz 7nq cj1$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for thu 2i/fn 4o2x)b zfu40srkn-w ce reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy ofan q2ezou*q )pwoqlz9wupl* 6a7( :-h a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its waveleqpwonlahqp 96z:uao 2* 7*u(-z elqw )ngth?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermivo+)akw :z37yzs sjo2 lab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV+oo7z)z vy:s 3j wask2 each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a pos7t sp:adwgp18tink+ . on; i7ritron annihilate each otht;i8+k: 1d7 gatiwrsn.n p7poer? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reaction(/ ndr7dko c9lp2og 7.s8vi3 qgk xc3ls are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explaid/n9 csp728 (dkgl.oxk 3c qg r3v7olin why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by wxjoc, wqcd lr iiy6*z)m7/9) what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, eq)6i*r w7xd/)z,cwlyi 9ocm jxplain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for akagjxk 6,+om8dbl0lxh4r*e + $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electro4xgi 4,+(hyds nnbs7gweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for produnb gofy/ i- qoi7tcvl9gbn9o,i ):), icing a pion. i9n )g7g f9,:c)- itvyoiibqon ,/lob $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the xctmw 056oj* vy8i4 7+;ei as;wxvkw treaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental3yqx-ha0yz 1sy:y aw-l*s. pak bc6z , fermions are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce two pio lmak3j209 y2ey t3e0qit w8mcns, yjm02k ewmtqic29 ta3y8e 3l 0$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called2q ere vt70uy: unification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of p hjr6ix0osp73 ersn0b09p-lf ks ohqu0;3lo /roper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in th/9rs00eu- qhx ppshs 63ir bl j0fo;7on 30lkoe lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reactions. -qiz2ow(/ m y,prkml-4w/:jh(u yo nk
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the (oma kfbf52msl;j;6q c+ -clg reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the 9.7zb 3ra2fvgr)js v mspeed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?