Give a reaction between two nucleons, simil/;trl +e1thjg 0a4p oiar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a ot g rh/p1 ;i+lt0ej4a$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that rbtn oms zr/6gahno,6vzv nu).(.z 1/its kinetic energy is much greater than its rest /z 6rvnzom6 on g.a/tvhnbsur(z,.)1 energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of 1hcvk)wmx,m,q5vo:xi 5cy n ) the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our nno vym c,vq 1k)x)5 wx:ich,5mormal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic interact 9 gxeh579invt gw,(ee 1 ifl/tnjx+q)3e.adwion?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a p) 8ety v)o31wtqg,ursarticle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak int y3otev8rqusw tg1, ))eraction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays vi(u39 /g0u/ bzc mxoqrpa the weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interactin/9u zumq/3o x rc(pbg0g?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravit.um ypse6euaawj0pz 4dy4 2 )0ational) doeswypa2 u 4za06 .djsuyepm0 e4) an electron take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conser 5a4jsv*k-n;7pu0xk woahq, i ved in each of the decays in Table o ij-pqvsk ;k,4x7*an5a0hw u 32-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the eleco 5ygr;md+qpxz bccj/i* c78t83p9 zdtromagnetic interact+xcmtdcb3/qp;*8ozr9 8 g 5d piyz7cjion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 ial t :fh;mjhq d+6a3,occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, sc;y+.7wmtpjqc 1 bmp o lw921amm1:iand why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electroma3g (b ;y,fh3z+xez jxrgnetic interactih+xg ezfjrb ,z;3 (y3xon?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weaw7 eu(r8of6tjz 9c.j gk interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kindnqviz2-x , j7y of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you s7i,ynx zq-vj 2ay that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle toeseu-f 0 e)wo; be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, wo3 ysoo(dir(ld )+ 5eutuld it be possible to find particles made up ofl urd5de3)t+i (y oo(s two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they are inside tp: q-.( +1s ghafxkv ts9ljh(fhe nucleu f g ah(.( :1tpv+qjxlk9sf-hss?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose k 9f9f5kf2w6n tmawe.xiv)wf , inetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength 2q94u*vnbr k eu9ahd. w35rvvof 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in which protons m oc7/ 8*wzmlbfake $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very hi1ldg 6ab.c1b8 1puucogh-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerupl1acb1cg .d o8b6u 1ator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 acp )(vgjq5; c/o0lbtywwv)drn xn)q83rr1 2ip celerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out(m t4 unywl:8h details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nuclum8yt 4:wh( nleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across thpc 9mm 29qo4(3eakdy :pq/b rlil/d9qe dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kl9/:a/ ml d 9pyi9kmcopdb32qq4r q(einetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength2koh z6ph7e/ j ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to acceley :)s0dnr/tl irate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to h2uiw :kae wy.+ouse the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. a uwi2k+e:.ywWhat magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilabosb r 3+1het:b Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 G1re+h :ts3 bobeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particlf *xka(ar 14ndf;7w h8xpa 8wye (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrow(r0m+ )uru nmqdsp .6tron for 1.0-TeV prop)qd r+(0w r.m nmuu6stons? B =    T

  How much energy is released ijtfb0mc-(t+ z n the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released whet.34t/f n9lokbdw 9pdn a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a n bn x4x jf0jxq-*e41gde j hi(;o(w+t m6evlg-eutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force ifz88zr*3viwekmj) e *j xc-d3f the mediating particle were the kaon insdwzr 3*3j * 8i jmczekf-8exv)tead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other withjqe m-94b g6zjj ka2r2 equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each have if 4j9 2bm26ajkjz erq-ga $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy m).wc2ravi :26 y utt (6wjuem1ohtu;kust two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward eachu ;eait61 urvm2jhw 26t(kyt w:o).cu other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of iwp(c0d z /k6tthe weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particlei z6/dpt (0wcks as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photoxvnoy zf*2pc9)2 gro)gblp90ns produced when a proton and antiproton at rest a9n )0cz pborgl *gvof22x9y)pnnihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible for an is dh8bc4 *h0b yyoo3hgm.uni9h2u5pftix* 79l olated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) Wi2i u9ynhy o 8*pbd.0tfghui9c45* bh7m hox3lth this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons pldf) xx5,6-y 2 tlfmkproduced when an electron and a positr5f2,x klmtl)df-x6y pon, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays .s-keljh;aph; , 4hj jare possible? For those forbidden, exes l h;hhjjk ,p-4a;.jplain what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic enerbfd8, ))qsyzi4r7z digy of each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in the n4;5kdoedj 3idecay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy widhcyig) 3fj:07 f87a ctin mn.ith and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ofncqp4j*3 d 4gu the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width oyiv) c yu3ehc.6r5z x3f the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (v/ j* ly9/kjbzn7t ti cto(0y8or uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are fo ;m jyhuaa+;3)(bn)fp suy:kurbidden, explain whicy )a ja;3pus()kumu +bn ;:hfyh laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark c /; ze,lrexhz6ombinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron,ze; zr6 ,/lhex (c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the followi c c**yry+i-y) y5odxrng quark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to pr :3pmj x pz,(:j1w+lpr9fu 4vu; fpsctvj*i/soduce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Figd2psd eu)hs oy4e higo ;/c0dbz84ys.5vu-)i. Below) for the reaction d8 4;vh)iy0sypei4obg- d oc ze)5h/2u.s sud$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reactionq k s72mue5ya.w/ cn9b $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of ks5 y:ww hn5d((.yrzz a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelength? dny:wy. zhz5sw5r( (k
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into th y +)(q k/ij.qo*orgcfe 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2c +qoijrk/)qg .yo f*(.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is rel4mcmje 04.1eg s6;;iewkpdch eased when an electron and a positron annihilate each other?kd pe sg4wj1ch 4e.;ei0;mmc6 $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are mfg2t4(h (k1mn6n ddnv)ky)gpossible, and by what interaction could they occur? For thos k n1nmvnth) dfk (d2(gyg6)m4e forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possibl/9o :8jf chkw.;4gv bjp9hj zb4e:bj oe, and by what interaction could they occur? For tho:o4g9cj/ h p;jbfzk.j9w vjb84be oh:se forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a s2yzhci86ksq2 : tz47no *p vh$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occur-)ajj-1nh: o1c nm fsis in the electroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, E;vh( z62pqdhxw wgr,:q. 32-4, for producing a pion.zh2( ;:pv,g6xhr wwdq $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the react;d d(y n.d.e7on0nshnion $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a watp cl6 n8k+bwr+er molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and5h4d rwqy vi:3 produce two pions, :h rvi5q43yd w$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unificationmyere60igjg;9 enn3wfx+( j0fak/ d / distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in ter3 tkfv4c/k*x0se5ay4 o ,pnmwms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energp*/w,4 5na3emk0 f txyc 4oksvy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particav))m*acv lwciw n4d/6 ,3qbple in the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the z6f,bojq pa. t,*a+ xm,/qxit reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the spezv4f xswf :6nrc(+h. oed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?