Give a reaction between rdl,58jvuu72ec mywexv 6,2b-aw +dc two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a 2w2vc,umdwxrb786c-,u5+ dlya v e ej$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is muchcfo1z*5 oath0sm vg :- greater t ha0g-5ztmoco1*v :fshan its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the constitueu734y;op9lhwiwdik;m b /u 8 q7cj:adnts of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen ij8k b 4p;:dmc d7ai3 hy9/wluiqou7w;f antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic in/5 jn p9dayzn0teraction?

Does the presence of a neutrino aot9a ou/ xc2qriy; r. z,y/vt-mong the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays uyaoxcy.q/i9tz ,rv2;/rt -ovia the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even though the neutro0-;t xetqv6.4ljn yyh 7 rvu+rn and one of i6 rv7ue rt+y -tjxv4nqy;l.0 hts decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (stronp ujag3 3 -ik:9wo5ywng, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does9u3:pwoyn ig35w ak j- an electron take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conser,b k6wth2)i l6us*ck 0vvgf+m ved in each of the decays in Table 3l+vih 6f kmcg kvs*60)b, 2wtu2-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnexlsqn:l lxpr 5)/;zrc/ks.5 s tic interactionz)q5 /l xlr5snk;s/rx plc:s.?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur oib e g+w0ay( ::rpe1(i.fbnwk7d/sr by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why7fdq grrwzd5k ;a)oc4 ez7k66, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle dxe k( epva g.:j;9t7flecays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interactik9a: .eg;(xptvel7fj on?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occby2eyn5 z y3v8ur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were ai :my.phdux +-(j oz/m kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle opyj/:hz xim+.u(-md even exists?

  Is it possible for a pa 7m.vzbfn9cu*rticle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to m3z th 6ct:2d80 w6sgiit6vcd find particles made up6zcid0t6w6 mt8 t2:cds3h vig of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay5s olm ai7fc9 i0d+q9e22 twgo when they are free but not when they are inside the nucleus? t2qifl2gis do 9wc+o9 ma0e57

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic eneroflw 6c:eb b:i*zhl2;gy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV sxx5x4fp3 -g hcx+fc 5electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a ,j cx kxwj8ijul6ueon70,,3acyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-eu20bl yp scez 3e 4h;2takub.7nergy proton in the 1.0-km-r.p zlu 2a 2hb3tbyke4 s7u;ec0adius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 acm+dxp2t9pi +rcelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of thf l7ml o+.rpd0ls*n 4he nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucle rml0 7s dh.p+4nfo*llon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutb ; t (wna82b1ktlshp-,tvw 2uions do protons make to reach a kinetic energ2uh,vww-a8bn;kb ts1pt t l(2 y of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the waveleng o1 )x1( zp4i8tmjakvcwn-h ,eth ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterw p pvqwmzl(6.20d qw*ons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets for the Lar(/nogt(q(,q ceu q5 hige Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton eh inq,5qtog/q(c (( ubeams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energie jy2h3nmqw/ d7.sazgv)*x z jx;pa,6t s of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assumx)m/z6.z7d,t jx nhg*s y;2 3avjaqwp e that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy o ,s-,1s ksin h5buhuc4f a particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab sde w n3knpsmdg*38x5b q 3ba..ynchrotron for 3 53nbb.mdw3sq ae g.kdnp *8x1.0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the decay f z5-hjjt xzj4 k- )n/;x1jwgb$\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is releaseleu :fz1: .. ;hvyiwped when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutro4 *qnm zezl0,fn-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating kcc64u:,rwmxdy73vw lw3, c h particle were the kaon instead o c:hmlw wudc7 64r,3xc3wky,vf the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading todixim; h3)3ss 2y va,jward each other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic sdx3) j2asiiv3,hym; energy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutron,mo* jtc 2ero7t+xuv fs).u.zs each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each e,ro*7o+u z)t2svxmfu tcj. .other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the x dg/0x/yh(cbc x.3trx30joslm sh/(W and Z px0h3tcs oxsx ( 03x/h(b/ gdcmr/yl.j articles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the twopx 7 wj90p+w49v:k d3tsbydke photons produced when a proton and antiproton at resskdbp9t4 ep:+jwdx3y9 k7v 0wt annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum a1qdi8 -ohp /qnnd energy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram i/n8d- oqhpq i1n (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two phou n n36wlrj(+atons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, wurn36(an lj+ annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following q9: xq8di iz s /jc6o.gxfd3(rreactions and decays are possible? For those forbidden, explain what dcs:ziqox.d 3rfx j i q98(g/6laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic enera ni/.a9vchl: /j fo5j svab7/gy of each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the eleco+ nagdll8p0: tron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the en93-q-dg aw h+r- )-efytmdie bergy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ofyq4ulhkpa4n 4 gq we(,d;qih-0y:( om the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the fv6n2:j p0bfp ws*1 4vds1bt z$J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width () uy6jc3sg vy0 k/lqapsgl4(: or uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those w,smkjw5 z/o/ that are forbidden, explain jz5 o,s/ wm/wkwhich laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinatio2x*+jvfbc di 4j;;pt.1qe axn ns that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) afx2 e;j*i.v+ qn ap tdjc14b;x $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations produce: xyeccow)2whh fe8dl9)6 * k6tm;ga*z (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to produce al h3f jqq91xf9 $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) f7f9z*oprg1*x 5zdhi c z33kxvor the reaction7vi9z3f d3* 5zrox zkx 1hpcg* $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram 1 /yo3y jh*jmgcrq8r 4for the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 xlr 9t p 5zfi5//5,toika,judGeV? What is its wavell iza,pof9k,/5dxru t 5j it/5ength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-k2u4dp -.yvoouc7 -y53 ozso yim-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to re5-3p7 .yc yso zyo4o 2-oduvuiach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron andps40 o xu6i2x ku7s3iw a positron annihilate each other?i 30o k6swi 42u7xpsxu $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction could 0wq xiun2y y64c 5piwkb dzva +gt529*they occur? F24a w+i5pcxv6g9 *5 yy0btndiqwz ku2or those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and ic,tb*;rr 56uu6hn tyz is);h by what interaction could they occur? siz ;t6tcih ;uy5 *u),rb6n hrFor those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for aaxug.h ls, bf+oz *g7rzw2*+ h $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at abou ,n/v4u 8qprjn+vtwx8 t $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the rexnjypi; m7y, qz(jtu 5hmzk :l(332wr actions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion.p: ,(nz5(ukzty 2 7mmx hi3;jlwr3yjq $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reaction fk .ce5 -dac2j$\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are 1ji nogo) mtfmq0u)6l5ne * 8ythere in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other a* u);en5oy2c*f b( ;el5 *manphgx bddt rest and produce two pions, au;cb*y fn ph*e)5dbd5e(l2* x mgon;$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification dis:idh3 l; kygd2g:5 peotance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, m (.h z v)lf/ ;(hdyd3ute4gzk5pwe x6ieasured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on avet f u/ipge)yk45x3d.w6he(zh (zld ; vrage, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in th x0:yzf, -ihtme following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to da-4wk(gl ft+x escribe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speeq9twa akaqv a2y2l:- 1d of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?