Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar tob -u9co hc-:evoold.5 Eq. 32-4, that could produce a l.cuod v o:o5-c-e b9h$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, soi ;36jl6g;i0 fccdw hq that its kinetic energy is much gre0cwgfi;j6 q;c di 3hl6ater than its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up o eh)rs9bsdpuyq0*a-4f the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world rb4sh-0s auype9d*) qof matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic i+ li 85 ezt g(yhvbu40wo/zn:gnteraction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a particle necessa. 9ews *yy wrve-hf(4grily mean that the decay occurs h*r (esf4ge9yy ww.-vvia the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even though thep5, w2mxo7f:az3x x pj neutron and one of its deca,3:mof2zx5pxp 7 xjw ay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, grab/t+5w zwtocb rg:r: 8vitational) does an electron take orgc+t: :tbwrz85 / bwpart in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon.tjj*iosd9 6fa rn: d/ number are conserved in each of the decays in Tablej9o. *srna i6: dtd/fj 32-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic in*s p5-vwjmraz., hi4nterachri5aws4 m. v*z -,pjntion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occ3+v+h en;l6 ln zi5exqur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and ges m ul6fkai/6zao81.mt -;xwhy, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagks nivy32t8r*5)qp5wz6 i ye1gsqv9cnetic interactv8yrgw9ipz*1e35sq ) kyn q i52vc6tsion?

Which of the particle decays in Taog0( kuh)( mn;r8kkod 6ipe /4ip(ym vble 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had vy*ouxp km + o/4bi u.u71hc(hvrbx (7no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this po7 m +oukh.( * u/xhxyu1pc(bvb47vriarticle even exists?

  Is it possible for a par(i-cz e +t(x)oif, nbwz;ps du:m:3u fticle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to f u.k97mb6 j-rm3swz) atts fj.ind particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? Whw. k6fu7bs m-zj) jta9t3 r.msat about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they 7g6ckp* s/artor2 2xzare inside the nucleus?gr2cr otz k/6*x 7a2sp

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energx4sd 9 eryw1w/y of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelengt-,aus:. z 7ak57jbe xap8rurih of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in whic2s,-/q,ptdmk(j j bq75yw1oiufez 1fh protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complyy : s)oluhsp*sg0,a;j 7 c*dlete revolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radiy7yoa *lp0ucs)s *gl;:d,sh j us Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron07zz+8w vpd ct of Example 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking ou r3w/*b(qp yept details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleonp /y*brwqp3 (e in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is bvpcy+hbi5,h,l 08rs 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make tospb+c ibrv0h8,h5 , ly reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength1g5aqtmq 9t5u r g1.iw ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accehl5f,z0nfdjo)0hr6n k- +sxhlerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that willzucf fx;w 2:lj5+7 dxz be used to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for pr2zwzdjxfc;+xuf5 7:l oton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes abouy)ql+: t r5xdet 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed :dy rtxl)5+q eof the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a partqq;az1igha5g/0g zk 3 8 ao;hlicle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab ste0 3 j(zcxkx+e(pa4+sngoe .ynchrotron for 1.0-TeV protons? B =ej(p4t( kx oexen+0 3 gczsa+.    T

  How much energy is released in the decay vxq a(5q;y2z kdcwe-+$\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released when al k;i:v(fs ls1+n.-yar *jtce $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antib .me)s1ns6ooneutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle we4gk nmxb+m4e -re the kaon instead of the pion. x4e m+kmb4n-g $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. l0 :8q9ah-ykky p7b4i2nnpp eWhat minimum kinetic energy must each pih-nb a70pq 4p:8nk9lye2 ykhave if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have if theby; nh3;ik*-umu jw( py are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and pru 3b-( h ;iymj;knw*puoduce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using E uu+y a c-nlszc,te/be81 6 zs4t8b:uhq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as about 80 uc-81bsz t,s/l6zancuh t4e+ub :8ye to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a proton and a4/x7z.glb) jcie* g+q mzhoa 5ntiproton at rest annihi/ zjm7q)g+izxo becg hl*.4a 5late? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that z:*yp3 - mvainit is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind,a -pi *3nymv:z how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths yb4bwl 6ky.- u 66plkgof the two photons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy,b6bg wkly6p l-y4u6k. annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and deb,+7hxu i kqo 6r,so0hs dow79cays are possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws are violate x +s7 w7,odh9s,0o6kqiuob rhd.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two produck70fer q71k uzts in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in thghoc9as(;w 4d e decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifetime of tl8xe/ f;o zd4jhe $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width o k zq,fm32hkob0rs/c ;f the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thecl2kqx5qnzc(q /7t+ e $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty) u,ydf ijgnzv6r+4v b0u:av.+ of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possibg b09 omrssqh*nw;c.0 le? For those that are forbidden, explain which9sm o*.s hqw;r00g nbc laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combiz( 7fw8h4 wzxkl0/sahnations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) a 7(zhwhxw8a4kf l /sz 0$\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark cootf 5 5lo6q+ekmbinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combinvlwk a27 9bho9ation needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) fo z95 rru6.-etz. d-bja6ucitgjl2as/ r the reactiont6 -cl5ia2-r d.6tj z9ua bsg/ rj.uez $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reactiocmz0*2zq o,l en $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose ki2 :- k6 j7ehr0g ilepk2khowt3netic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelengtkgpi6ewh27t2 rkj l o:e-h3k0h?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy o*33erkr i 9toyf 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and ap3o39ktr yr *eiproximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron annihilate ejm6q g4y bhk;*ach otjb4q mhy*; gk6her? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what inu20dhn(c od;zue it(eld/ :8 hteraction could they occur? For thoseue02z(id8e c:lth/h(duon;d forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions w(rzu /+yih zdh 2t3zodk(39lare possible, and by what interaction could the hhdzkd9+ru2o3/y iz ( z3twl(y occur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for aot 7 0xj6rcoi q)kjp,1 $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electrowea.xd/;5xzszw 8rpynn 1k theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion.,+zczp zqx1 /yxz1/ pz+y,c qz $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reactm jucppav8/x53/ l 9aeykf/ m(ion $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there w.t dg2 9krfx+dh5xn1 in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rd8 rat5ljj2ync 8ifn2+9fhwk)s1 u t. est and produce two pions, fstc wta5ny k22 j.lhu88 9d)f+njri 1$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called md 9h5q .xuvb): f5ugsq p4(qyunification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measurepv utgg 0 33r928s9 2eyexsrw(eg/kkxd in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy o0kx3 wg9g8 2ev2reu(gek y39/pts rsx f 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following x +n/fcost0)8ex;jnk 10bgca reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the reacttney*z)3 wd9p;unee / ion $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of light ,w 5e/pl2xcj 3jk+r9nf/bz va e*tv7l$c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?