Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a nt(cch stf7l68, 9s1)r rkcob gn1nb9),b 81s7 ng ok csnbrt6nt( hc19rfcl9$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so thaqmdi35glj*r+9 9cdbd h kx31 et its kinetic energy is much greater than its rest energy (d3 +ecixgdk*dq1h95 j3lm9rb$mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the constituents .npwm /bs:qh(aayn gd4-6yc8 of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact witdnyn(a s4w:c-/ym6 a8g h qbp.h our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electr s/jf 7.pagc0d6wqw .gomagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a nem:sa v41 y3h 2sk:dnh-utsxzte, ;rqufnn2/(utrino among the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decaysu2m(nh sas-tf4; vynx2:h:uzsqkt/er d 3n , 1 via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays shdmf i tn ;4w/klm8(pnz am2r s.26x;via the weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its de8 la( 4stnz2mkpsrhmm; d; 6w ni.fx2/cay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, 13gm +3ztmkazk u.hdswsb8kq(1 x / s4gravitational) does an electron take part in? A neutrino? A proton1z w33kkg mqam8xtu1zds+( 4s sh bk./?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of the decays in Tabl53vlsk(h i1x de 32-2dh5(i s1kv3 xl.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic intenrnllt tu: / 3.vu+x8dractio8 l+tdn v/n:rx3uu tl.n?

Which of the particle nf- ,5dib7tmq decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why9h-gx2 yxwy ozsos 9t,/yc1j5, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32z y+ z;3p:ctxd-4 occur via the electromagnetic interactipzz;d c+x3t :yon?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by thesm.lr zlbhcvvla/:o,y ta,d8.n6- q5 weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color chael na e+nu34fp/7 q ).t9g)cg(stojis rge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even )3/tc )u7.9gesa(4lj etng+poni s fq exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be bo8 5cs,yxego 6 ifv+l7muu7q5zvk, hp+ th
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to find wsq:zwzu:ekog6t0-v*m r;4e particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks w ;*::s-mvegro4ezku t6 0qwz?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when t2a a05y nl,jnlhey are inside the nucleus?ja5,n lnl20 ya

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic .ui;:m. ndumx energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the waveleeszhlriyf ).n 5bspvb8/h 4/1ngth of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in r +nt,sjoxb:;a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a k yvax z+:3b8 krku1/every high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab acbzeur+3k v 1/:8kya xkcelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron k5amk+6y qq l9,k(ecnof Example 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out detail8odq-s i t:p71mvwib1s of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size ofbd1o:twq -i7 p81mv is a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many g ;ag bfyh39,c(kvz4 w.pfiq*revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic energy of 25v (pf*b;qgigw. 4z3, fahkcy9 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the waveleng7ukx 0ox rp3x,th ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuter+9bci+w 5.p krx qpvmqrx/76vons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel tha02 )fv i 6wc-ru5vjx:mn1xiomt will be used to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic fie21-06jux:iwnfm5mxi ) rcovv ld will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to brij/c g1b7 *fvvsng the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Esti*j1fvv7bgsc/ mate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particw3txl d0+qgp csly 5h20(x9 pwle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity iszamw4q )9ld0 v*p xb06m hct5z needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.wzca0b*6qh)td54 xp90 zmlv m 0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released inp u4m fjkyh/,. the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy isy p1k8qd k4pu* released when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a fp ue 16lkd*jv2a l69bneutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle were the y,j e/z1:bebyp(zw76pk t9skkaon instekzz(e j p1 6webyt7 p,:bs9yk/ad of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speed6dle8 tm-z3+1czuowqs. What minimum kinetic energy q oewlz-3d+mt6ucz 18must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each hav,yjvwf7uv 3a1qkii-) e if they are traveling at the same speed toward e-wiyf,a)quivk7 j 1v3ach other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force usinglpt/mq0 k-b .u Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W aut-/.kml 0 pqbnd Z particles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelenxtwlvg 3b7(i1gths of the two photons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest annihilw3gbv 1xitl(7ate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving moment8e z -q zag2t8t+xap/lum and energy, that it is impossible for an isolated el g/q 2tt-z+8ae8 xpalzectron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the waveldnqsi1 /c c-;d6q qt1qengths of the two photons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, ann16ndic q;s/qcqq t d-1ihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For those forpt+o 7b :w unh: +))7v nyvsbs8z6osyobidden, explain77p+nwyv:ohn :tzus ob vso+bs) y68) what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of ew1nye:sdy 6 ohf x29lxq ;v,+pach of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy ofbkt u196y m-o(efxhj1*l*xwn the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate 3+gwzp l.ugzq1dd:r /the energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width oq j cam.:d,:e:xmwqx 0pa*,nyf the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of to1 ae/+kx qgkc+ ees//he $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy wi1pc6p*shlm s87szv z yii4i0 4dth (or uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that keiiyq) b u4n5z c3i;)are forbidden, explain which laws are ky 5q ze;i)in4cu3b) iviolated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutr*78 xqqkjow, ron, (b) an antineutron, (c) qoj7r8x wk*,qa $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinatiq p9xj)lrig, lzkb 4rf7;,:jm ons produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to produce a ;/yga; rjn4( mg+ .p1hxqkhck$D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarksft d eqeq3d675 (as in Fig. Below) for the reactiond76te3de fqq 5 $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram ,ap;mpz q/1nv:bb/ abw 7fax *for the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a p2,g1bbg2obt/rj +pv froton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelengtbrvb/o 21b+ tfgg2p ,jh?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermila:ggg z ,5tq(,*c wy s/jpmv-zdb Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how fazsg(t: 5gz g-q*,v jwp/,mycdr do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electr pjc6wj)/1bokv(a* htzt 7f6qon and a positron annihilate each otwft coh/7zqpb)tv( a1 j* k6j6her? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction cousl kub t z*,d1u)vj2r7ld thejl)utzd,* k7br2v1us y occur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by whaydhxbn0(e4hu /a (j *dt interaction could they ocnh(u(d*ej a bdy40xh /cur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a pf/ a qm86m:q:-gkmeh$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electc ss/fh0g 8cb:qf+xb2 ,f;c yb4gdy un8xe:a 2roweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producis..c jf,f 5gpcfn e-w vc yr7hdwy1-78ng a pion..c-npf75f y dvgch 8jc-w.e1sfw7r,y $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reactiof:;fvws*qo+r n $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in 2 wn-jsmpvrzio : 6o6+ v0bj-j/td. fua water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce two pi2ma+yz -: u)uxtmvc2lons, 2 z y:+)v-mx mct2uual$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification dibn-i 9*bnsnrw6ssg4s5 *vm iu )(6gekstance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 arw+m malzar *w486d :eee in terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with8az*m4e + l:e6mwarwd a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following rea:-jcoj 4e3y knctions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to descr7kirc;fcg qlk s (q80twv-v) 0ibe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the*erx9 uml 5ot7 speed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?