Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar(-:,7nc9k qhko1g wg 38sinkaxtc,tc to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a 3,k7gh t1- xc 9ki n,(owtak cgqn:s8c$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its k+v h yx+o*o6,zboy yv(+vu p;jinetic energy is much greajy+6v(o;uv+ oyx*ho ypv bz,+ter than its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of th ib jp)toc:(l k 4+f ;1loqd((n6vaedhe antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of(abl( lqc kdo:4pfh+nt6j;id1 ( )o ev such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromazyrg m) j,uw:qxs5/kw yqm nda(0 .l:3gnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among thelq :ks: q(b5sp r6n dqyj-;2ra decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction 6qnr- lqs q( sjpbdk:r2:a;5yproduce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron17r0 y,t, tfchgq-mbu decays via the weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proymtc1fh,r7ug b,q t 0-ton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four inter00bd/zbqvnc- n74r+mqaw4ml-mnb ( +f.mtir actions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take partn4q +wd-0b+7(rina4v zm mmftqm0r.lb/c n- b in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of the -8fu8 nl lf/* efuu/rrdecays in Table 32- uel/n/ uf 8urr*l8ff-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur viaz i7 j,dws:1g,km9,;cn nx hyj the electromagnetic interactijz,, :;j19hwn7s ,gckxymd nion?

Which of the particle decays in -jab j1j/t in6(gfkbs(7be* sTable 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, doesqv0mmxi0h t/8jspq wb35 9gg: $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via wmft-*eb1 njsw3*s d5the electromagnetic interactiof-mtjd5 b *e ns13w*swn?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weakww n2 7u,h,vyo interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of(qw(gf +po*gg :0n ynyb d-pil md;)b. "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charg((qbgbl *g:myf)nnw-op0+pi dy .gd; e or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a parti.5aic iuni-/ybl e qp-sya:cp9h(- ,hcle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to findiflg1 cn oir)e22 i3 zqon-p-8 particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks )n1- r2z-il f3coqpiineg 8o2and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they aresb5 y ln.k4)+ kuu9ioc8 3gn ymz.h,xh inside the nucleunbg 5. )yh i+8lk s cxy3.uo4z9mhunk,s?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy *l97 k 0nvybfm8ji jebc5hq6 8is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV elefvn5/k qm/ne.ctrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in which pro3dfyjfu5o1 6r-xg sq3tons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-enerc vs,4q 3:u7ro/ 4,ybtg i4nm4tlpbymjg ke:5gy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab acceleratork4lg5 vuqep7oj4 yni/4 4,b3:trmgt,:cmys b? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of E t8wynay3s: :)j)d mwrxample 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleuf ooi(0hb a/din*pm hj /k*ja0ch )55is: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nuclenio0/ji cp*i/ m j )*d55fbhkh hao(0aus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revol b(w )f9gghpw(utions do protons make to reach a kg(g wb f)h(w9pinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength ) xl-e0;pvaff ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate f0 mbdbd cc+ p fg7c;.cv/3ev-deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets fj72m/x c j gdv;imd*ux39ph8por the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? 7hp2x; 8gd9ijux/m *mv jp3dc B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies*- 7o:e*h3tfhl.aerxh4 dav 9(niceu of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the pa9e-uhtel x a 3*(ci .4edh v*:h7rfnorotons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a parti qbq0pyjlv+ 1.tvkrptag-1 8 6cle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab sync8wz7 3j 36ntwijav- fxhrotron for 1.0-TeV protons? Bv3ftaj w7n3-x zji86w =    T

  How much energy is released)*tsteo/ q da9 in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is r5riy g, 28mts ze/lxl8eleased when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is requi,b6k2 8ux,ebzu0icdy red to produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force3p b;o( ryz uu7h/ls+s if the mediating particle were the kaon instead of the pion ;hsus(/yo37z u+ bprl. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are headingf 14r2 r:rqc8rn ijfr 4o3q)oc toward each other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each havf1co38in f):rr2rc4qjro4qre if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have if h99 1m:bbzjx -f2ht;eirbm/i they are traveling at the same sp;-zbx/ib19e:b9m2i jhmt hfr eed toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of then94nz v 64ke3qd/ vtmx W anddk6v/qn93 e mtv44znx Z particles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced wh6d hg9 mce5gd2t3b+tb h7k ex7en a proton and antiproton at rest 397d xhc27 g+ me5t tbgkdbe6hannihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible fo zq*;s nhzn2:osx*uga e;d;u(r an isolated electron to radiate only a single pn;; (us 2e no*:uxda; s*zhqzghoton. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electron andeksk1xvij )/ :8ik6 xm *hfxhep5 8y4e a positron, each with 420 k1ye 6* /px v5x)ihje84h:xkme8is kkfeV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and;mvz.2el7ifmz- ddoi5+d o g ; decays are possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws are vz7 dgio.e;+d;d2mml-o fv5 iziolated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of ea3c.ixkksev/ l70e7e e ch of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in the xv , 8zjtyax;,) 7 mkmwkx6c30n* zofpdecay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width andvd n hbk,y ut7)knc;g-2 l7d(e then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of wz4 p6 tj4lb.bu4*a qithe $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the c1hb b -g-bf hpw1;1st$J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty) of a6*; w w*uwuno
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are forbidden, exp3 g0sm*ep(/0aa(ub itpk3 ct blain which mku0es /t*c3i(gbpap a3(bt 0laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a npgxil*- ;+ txmmnth,4 eutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) m hxl, pnm;*-4ttxi+g a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations produzdn(- (guvgw- zz)z:rocu) m1ce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination nee*;vp7ifknd y4; weo fe;0q drr73 *hijded to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (a9q:4akbshvv )x t(mn uyxj)(x 8f36ft s in Fig. Below) for the reaction 8t4 9: 6sftayufxjq)x) vx(3bmv hk(n$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reax dy:o n-iom ,0a8d4dzction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 Gepp7 rn;oltaftg8z5./ + 6 jn7t7tc gkuV? What is its waveok g6 / + pt7gzfpjtnnt lr8.57tac7u;length?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into thec/oe .lpff0 s5glh7/e 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long 7pe.c h0 gl5ffe /l/osdoes it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron annihilate each pga; hkjdh:anxwt,+6rw 6z:.othe6gt,:zxn r.6 haa+dwp:h;jk w r? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions arec ww 67s3nljb: possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those fjwcw: b76ns3lorbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by q*hrr +sez09y(nn.m h what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explainh ry.0qs(+m *renh z9n why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a f v5 jy* x.xjef-fg2j:w2 6n6,vujj lj$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the el 1;a3 zfblic) 3s sw,d0vly:zrectroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for productv *x7jgi+;v a +h)8wj )/8q7kfasw. km xgluning a pion. tkxn.a8jjsxgfw7 i *k)wa7h +qlvmg)8/ + u; v$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value fo7;gebg75kglw )nc1nx r the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions areyt5gjosl.s6*0v rod66ov g 0b there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton anniojrc3f8mhw6wm(5)zpq u ;4 s ihilate each other at rest and produce two pions, ;cf8ozi( u s3j)h r6qmw5w4p m$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unificat/ iicxtj1hw 1kz3 x8+eion distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of pro(1p tx0t b)pu;rr(uy oper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created ( (br1ut;p)xtu royp0with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the fo l5bv u80yx4etllowing reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to desdbu 37sni b7a2cribe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed sl 8huca+0*fltb2wv+ 9m e)q vof light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?