Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, z-x+: x;pzmb+ggns 7 othat could produce a nb:m+s-p7 gzx o+xz;g$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic 7de(a/c mw9qx,dya(genergy is much greater than its rest md7e(cy dwa,x/ (gaq9 energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antipartl4z t14xn5*cvl.hn ihicles to the constituents of normal atomcn li5v hz4* xhlt14.ns, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromj z4ss53-ew31s a hrsqi dd,gb zt;s7/agnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a partic 9ae)08cwltl gle necessarily )aec 0tgl lw89mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak i w dgrw2(fqv),6dd /bznteraction even though the neutron,(qw dr vdb6/)fwzd2g and one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitat(xrj2 2k 3wkjcional) does an electron take part in? A neutrinjw3k kj xr2(c2o? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of the decays iyf ovub (vg(9tpq9opb.1g e2( n Tableov1qv f9.(geg(o(up2t bb9p y 32-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the-6m8mozko.fi*g qkx - electromagnetic interacfoik8*gmxm-6z k-o q.tion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak isi(fydia y 96yi 0b/.bnteraction?

By what interaction,mu9am sw:47p(,fz36mrwdg0cub b ec: and why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic int,6z. inhybm:b(oqm1msxx ; .leract ,xxm(bm s6:i q bo..;1lzmhnyion?

Which of the particl7wn(.ew7clvx* daw2 ee decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were afp c*4y d/v- lrxm6lmhhx+d) 5 kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle evm*yhldr6h 4px/vfl5c+x - md)en exists?

  Is it possible for a particcxdv ;e 2bzai) 2y(l1ile to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodyc;0lco04wt: )hlx2c rl-jtv z3hpf ckft /j0*namics, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?tf0w k)lj2-/h zhl;t00cjc vtoplrx 3c f*4c :

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they are insid)z bj,-t jioq zl+94gje the nucleu)+qjgil4z j9 jzbot -,s?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a protwb;y5wyoh5 8og 7bq,j87u mab 43cc4-jjqlqr on whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 3nfu no .yg0 :m*fgh) 4-*t lmjvuqca+.5-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used ii monqvt (a 61y9pa1z1n a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revou7 3z*gdk,y,v, vxb95d onkfalution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab ao3* v5fzb,v guna xyk7,d, k9dccelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 accelerahzjm3j 9t1b -i)bh4op ted $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucl 8:dpq+pg,py a axf74ujzz 1z1eus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavz1ag14+ y xudazp:qjz 8f7 ,ppelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do ps iov1vwxzs) 1j p;m5h,78pn qrotons make to reach a kin)wp81z,s;svhp qmo nji15xv 7etic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the waveleng6f 0e f;bbf ()ud-unayth ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 ul(- jppp9bku6 7ez o1m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used tofgo9 +zb4n4s vb1 5bqa house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) c gb5zoq +a4b 1snvb49falls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fer:,zb2it6tdwmdq//nr 4;w ppm milab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each tumpi26pddtwb :n; tq/ z,m4 wr/rn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a partwlrjv /a9 :ll5icle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilawlm:*f -:g dorb synchrotron for 1.0-TeV prodo:f* r- wmlg:tons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in7seqt-kp i5lkhq- (1 d the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is8wx1ziczkrc0k )oj6 2 p8j de +)s3ude released when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is requirre6ya 7l r3l i9).j+e8kvbvysed to produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating pam-cia 5ni(8piuly5 q8 rticle were the kaon instead of i85u iyalq-in( p8c5 mthe pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward1)*ik8imqcsu ,kx zu ho:v9 l- each other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each have if) sk qu:8oil9xiu,ckz m* -1hv a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy musx. dub u u zg02*wwsbsc6hczyn5)3j98 t two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the s. ub52zb0yuwc * cz h) g8uw6xsdn39jsame speed toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W np2f3;z: 2zhnzz-yuw and Z particlu 3;2wz yz 2z-znnfph:es as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photo04nvw,i s x.- kyurno8rdcw*j k7qz72ns produced when a proton and antiproton at rest an0c 827ziqkswr 4onrwkvj xund,*-.y7nihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it m n14h5b, m5coae5w1 gbdv xi)is impossible for an isolated electron to radiogn 5i4be5bwm,11achdv) mx5ate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electron and a81xej5e2wnt r positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energ5w jr xe8te12ny, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For thk p4/ ro4nhl46, merg1x7wgzxose forbidden, explain wha4wk relg64/4xmr o z1g,7phnxt laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in the decay fsb7d1 os(a ;x/uzlz 5$\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in the dntn9 scmio,fz+;lp v:n):xw(7 ,f sqmecay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to est,t gnlr : 6(wv;dku,bnimate the energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ofes xx , ut/evea-;i3-b the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of th)xf*6tl -m cpoe $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertaintyn.0 bb ; .mnr7wffevp0) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are d-t vy8 qwwhizg:7g1 4forbidden, explain which laws are violated. vwg4:7-h ziq1g8dwty
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) a;cj5c:lebu 1;gxbi3bn antineutron, (c x:eub ;5cjl 1;bbcig3) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations produce: (a)8df4d geubfr,6s s*(a $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to producel0gqm 6zuzk szu821/v a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman dia78tt/(3 *tb i itimtylgram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction(7m/ibt83 tttlyiti * $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the re kry n .zxp+6qc)wt9a6 91satiaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25*8jnqhn.7c6vpo : hniuos )d8 1mwe)l GeV? What is its wavelength?oj.*eidhu ns)po8 l1qcnm)h7 n8:6v w
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy -)d-p hb vfuz6/m wie)of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.- 6wz) h/-u mvdibpfe)0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron cs29c ;nw ,pze-aag p/and a positron annihilate each sccap - epza,n2w9g/;other? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possib1p3tpw jeaq4/ *xl u/ble, and by what interaction could they o l/ web1*4pa/tpuxqj3ccur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possibled)c4q8d(ttl 6vti q8gw3g+cb.hk: dk, and by what interaction could they btc86ld . tdt)kvc4 :igk(wgqqd83+ hoccur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a 2pj+xg. 0we*il(wcx s$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the e97/ ha+3yg q jmi+lj pto9t-jvnr :vq2lectroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for produci( u6qi+-fu fffng a pion. 6fi+(q u- fuff$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value f/+85q pei+ nvuaw.ggy or the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water molecule? 9d :hn uwj.av/ 3e3hvz/)zbp s   fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and producpiaj +n;z(dk-b3s2tq7digz c w4 0n5de two pions, b-dtizpqwnck52 0;3 djnz+g7 s d4i( a$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unifict hi/guhq o56a;(bj1rc.z:utation distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 arom ,, a7s5t.( phm0gjmus so 6od)a25wx pf-coe in terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lm , o0w6p(-t)dughaxp7 s5o2cm .msafos , oj5epton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reactions. i1 thk5:e7*w.ohaqaw
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to descri pu h-wd40en(kaoea7 jgwj0fhg: j:.0be the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of light :kolp3ju)nr3x)u g0v m9 w:htks f:4b$c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?