Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, 6v6( s/uy 2qjrw5hmij that could produce a /su( 5y26mj qh6rvjw i$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kioxes1 (gn0li* netic energy is much greater than its rest ener on1eg( isl*x0gy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the conj pb0d 2je7p .of1v/7 qkjnxe-stituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, c/-7enojvp2ej1 kf. bjq7dx0p ame in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay sig2pn; fc gb2/wonals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a partic70(a 9v.(dtu *tuqd zhmdcs5i/ okd1wle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrih vt0d/7m 5caustzd9dw1* id q k(o.(uno? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction esi6a5t 5ee )ptven though the neutron and s5ett) e 5aip6one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetgwu h/d7 9-(cdv j3-e-vpvahh ic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? Ac v 3eda h-7hh /wduvv9j-(pg- neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are c/fopo ; b2n) :x5hsvabonserved in each of the decays in Table 32-2:vhao/ b o fxp5;sn)2b.

Which of the particle decg7lw ou9g u*/z6r .orrays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interactiou76 ozu/or9*. gwl rrgn?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur hnes6to a:7a2 by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, doeky af0j)swu770 u4h hks $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decayq 9*j;u g:mzaib q99mas in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interactionm; :*9gqaimz9j bauq9?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by tvpe-a /vwgsrz. t15q (he weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color chargn l ,gxj:c+ts3jtvup * 7*vuw+e or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?tpuj*t7ln*3:v+ v xjc + u,wgs

  Is it possible for a particle to be bothm xg vin)8yh(e9io0)ml l9t(w
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it byh5jv5ln / wfyc )ry0+e possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What aboyj / v5)0hcy+yrf nwl5ut two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they areu8ri h8dj-6+maj sc w; inside the nucleuiwhj ; 8s8-u+rdmcj6as?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton +8g)p3v5ncp9 vipnac/tp, qrwhose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV el;6 e9dg 7yxobgectrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron inn4yc ha+/ /hpk i3fb*p which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energy proton r 0zkozi 1 6k k1a,h)sb0pw2flin the 1 kizls 126rozphbwa) 0f, 1k0k.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 acc((ce*u*; k ycu mxpmbd9lx)q 6elerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the i2hp)1lkpy : rnucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavekli ry:hp p21)lengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV.ln/vrx t 4lscy)qmnrj ;b6x k4g- 3.h2 How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kin)r/qkmr4lh xb t2s4c; xl n3yv6 nj.-getic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengtgk t(l* bskt;)h ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deutezkd 76qba d--trons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that wil/:/gj jv foy+ll be used to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be requiredl g/o+f /:yjvj? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron take.5hpvf 00yf lcs about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of thef0plv0.hy 5 fc protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (chaa k sqx 87l (*t3wvgd4-qaghr*rge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab sync+gqiuxw+r 5*s+ n.n0bu3voa 8ikmy/phrotron for 1.np i u3a./ srn 0ob+x*vk8m+guy5+qiw 0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the n p2 p4r0qye1;rhv( wwdecay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released.6 ybk.d5m bj,,4pzw o 3kaofy when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a nnnoufh5c.s9v+9f. -dk0gbb aeutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force 5vq 1.-ao-jtkeb:an d9p0o xoif the mediating particle were the kaon ixp .0 :a9eoqk-dt jnvob5 -o1anstead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other wik a:pjowk(0z/ f7o4j jth equal speeds. What minimum kinetij4ao :(jzpfwjo0/7 kk c energy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have if they are traveling atr-h/rqk 6uk(vuwy)u :z:xf kqzow:) ) the same speed toward each other, collide, and prooxur )zfq:) u-y)k zk6:kw vwrqhu /(:duce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak for z5) bl.w+ev:5qzgtuh(e (abcce using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles asz)g:(zte+eq w(b h.a55 buv cl about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a proton ana.9m e 57ic;si fbo wg:4,gxend antiproton at restg eimnwb7x; g9 5e,a4ifs: .oc annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is o )h8s11w wcaqf*n 1p7 cvz5ybimpossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this rebp 7f1anv5yws8cwz11)h c o*qsult in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wa3e esx ggg1gs2d h:j rzpgn p0p8hm*xiv.,0--velengths of the two photons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420*.he0ind-1p-sg,8xxg erms3:gvz0 2 gpp jh g keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For those jzj2rp nv- qs6x15a-c forbidden, explain what laws are violjrnz- a1j xs26v-pqc5ated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in the decay( 5bc0hij* eqt9szk0qj l9b5.p k ij8u $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in the ddi2)49cdm a+ue8x n baecay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then thf6jrjj 60+uoj e lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the/45v9edwjno7 )cx9ydk jg3f: lh fpm: $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thel4 obegu+x w1+ivwu 8; $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncer xtmvc9l49jy8bba kn,9 i /x9ntainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays az;jqjh/sj6 x 9pbc--u sq0* zqre possible? For those that are forbidden, explain which laws are s;q6juzj *j p 0q xchsb/--qz9violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutrcj 2lpo; 8/xu m3do,vvon, (b) an antineutron, (cv;v2j/pdum, o xclo83) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the qs)tew2 n:ao +2n+2( dtruf ynfollowing quark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to produfq+lahys2 ,l ,ce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for thet6(pa(uqh ,pl 5 rw4sl reactionpht u4w6q( psa(llr,5 $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reapjodx:g 8h96m* cm8fuction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 f,7w(zvqvq j +6(2zc jgby )+ybgm0ope2 e7xmGeV? What is its wavelength? gzcvvqxbe7zqpjg0y,6by+f(2jo () mw7 m2e+
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-00 viu:hvt ql9km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated byuh 0qtv 0v:i9l 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron annihilatp-we:s k+d: fze each other? e:w-fks+dzp: $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions aha 30r)m:tusd re possible, and by what interaction could they occtu) sm0:drah 3ur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible,xjke1l9lh fb*ft/),n 0n;bw o and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explai9fetw ,*llx1j n/kh; f0n b)obn why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a+i lwr l2z s3d3u /kx8m3kl3h+y t+vcn $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at abouth zq-pla gy y-0+32tb8bnxdl:-er. hf $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-valueh4z,k.uav om/ rs;e u+ for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. +ksh o.r vz ua/emu4;,$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the r7zkrb;aq)zy7i m,bs .8 e t0xqeaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions ayrch3*mo .0cw re there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce two pi3z,1 a7;mbcwpg5m idcons, 5wd m3gcczm7ip,1a;b$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unificatiok 6ajh-r9b *btc3w+ykn distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in termsgvo(gjugsgl, c601) l of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long v g s uggc)1oj6,l0g(lwould its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in thev+nd745wlh fg following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe thw4g sdofx9 q/5e reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of ligm5yxno nzkzjukth(c 2- g3e8wb396r9 ht $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?