Give a reaction between two nucleons, sinfs+ uf(yguc+zn(xg 1g5 m bntn hx./z37;ui2milar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a /n327hb; +ngxuz1uf+ ( gz c5s (yutm.gx nifn$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so thahbdhbn*(.:m pt its kinetic energy is much greater than its reph * bm:.(bdhnst energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the con 982ecbs(ji t/uw3 qen)y fuk:stituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such anwqj9:3be()28usfkc y tuen/ i tiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagneti,s*, ozg p su)rcbj3o)c interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrinokk l,uv vag9mx4;.o +c among the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a okkvxcagu 9v4+ ,l; .mneutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via thek)lc 3 g:cpqz) weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are strongly iqp:c))3g c zlknteracting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, el73yfsc1b4hv5 sie-ao ectromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A ne 5a 43ysb1shi7 e-fcvoutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of the decays i 72gig6gknp 3rn Table 32-2.pk2gn76gr g3i

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electyd3 8y-kit0 p+qkqv,qromagnetic interaction? k i+yypq3-dvqq8kt0,

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occud08dolr/ waqib y5/4zr by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, does*rnp/n*zl0 xxy 9 r*rz $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the e+oq nw.+kc x.a (8rsrflectromagnetic interactionr+r nfw (..x8c+ qkosa?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 t )b9.(iz n8 hwxlkd/xoccur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no colo8y ,7f +xszfd7 5kptwor charge or elect7ypsf ,fodz 5+wt8 7kxrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be both 9yux,e -twk w,
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to find particlwjo255g0w8 o a2uxi(yw; q fzhes made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks w52o5 u(gyfoz qww2h0i; a 8jxand two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they are inside the 6-i 5sv.gcvou4:n+ hlgbdi;hnucleu g i ou6h;:n5-cv.g+lh sbvi4ds?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton who2j0va- jzfms1-wj: yd;z wlyd +*dfo6se kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV elec4))acdr j)nll q196y gtq eh+rtrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron ipqsda-e 0)h *w lb1u541bkgp no z)/skn which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete 7ms (n:v -ww wlise3;nrevolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermila iw-w7s mnns(l: v3e;wb accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 ad/anrxv2se6yd (v i;;ccelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out detailsw4* fbgtbh 8f* of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles orbh8tfg4 *fwb* 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cydznl/t 7(49l2vj fqzyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a y4 f n9/tz (lqvl2z7jdkinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength (jan y1- 8ec ek 2fq2p.fewox 6yq2s0y8$\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is toa jie-qji+t1w(wf4ja1l i+ i6 accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the m7dpyf zr5fa0).gx4 riagnets for the Large Hadrona fgf) xi 7yz5d.4rpr0 Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energi ilak6 9w-jg.ees of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the9 e.gawj -ikl6 protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (ly5nzysh g8 e9)7 pfng7r 8bsx 8iy6-mcharge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchroth+e9 6 ((bx cuaaxoyvz0*unh6ron for 1.0-TeV proto+u(9zb 6y o 0(6cahexxhanu *vns? B =    T

  How much energy is releasedioke+v(nchy:/.h) a cbv+ u)w in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy i+qay+ xx 3)fbsr t e3dw077s g)sdm(dxs released when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a b)mgt; 7 e*tuue8p-6kje ojx0neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if tht u922v x;izywe mediating particle were the kaon iiwzv 9;2 t2yxunstead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading tow21dtu 0s)ekvz /botr g2uc6)aqie. ; fard each other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each haz/;1s dovtq. f2) 2cu)ktuiea06 gebrve if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kineticp/4 i ,fxs09ar3l ynxt:b /kye energy must two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speb9 l/fx/4, yt a3y :kienx0psred toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak fcmvmw;:j97,+em f04;gbfwukc:wpk q orce using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as abouwc:ewkkcj mm, b; 7 q ;gm4vp90:fu+fwt 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of toibrueg( v6v+n1p6(l he two photons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest annihi+6bou ((gnp ilvrv16 elate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentu /fcv+p4.i 9obxhtea4m and energy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)? /9ch. b o4af4i v+xpte

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electron +eof 6va;f +neand a positron, f6oave++fen ; each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possi+c1uiwwof9nw l/1gb:ble? For those forbidden, explain what laws are 1/nw 9g1+cwlw: ifu obviolated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two :q/7lu.cbar f y8j4ac .w*a qbproducts in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in ti caoim9*.k vb,q+r/a/v8pm mhe decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy widt- w-1wemx8q,2 h:hqlze* wvn ah and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of;lk9g h n5kt8k6p0pqz 1wiu 4e the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of *+eezblg/ (.aj uri 5jthe $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty)vg9g0zrq n -r:+tebm + of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are pos lzg4)zs0: ;) cwkrugwsible? For those that are forbidden, explain )w:;glcgr wk sz)04 zuwhich laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations thatwm c7x:j lvd35 muvncr8y8x94qmol16 can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, j c178m4dv3nco5xmxwlrq :8 m yv6ul9(c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark cogl/ituy cge3 7; 3e,g+qv)j timbinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combinationn lve,upcl*it,u:3 * k needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in vot:j:b+6y+agdw e *qg jw--lFig. Below) for the reaction+ o-egb t+ljwdv:ga-:w6yjq* $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagrfo )ms2 )j7rsgnk ./ax;k l6g-cue-dg am for the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? . 6ga - ey)n.hiz flg/v4/qailWhat is its wavelength?/h v e4g6igiz/).yl-.faqanl
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an ene,.heije61qu*n0ggb .hk 4td-hvwq7 l rgy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximath7 t .wiugnq*.lh,61 j0vhd- e4qgbkeely how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron annihilate eachhr* ywd bh,80d othehh *y ddwr0b8,r? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what inab6 k;(rp:r-vkrtt i,teraction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain why.t;6ta:v,k-prrrk (i b
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, abi ps/4 /yo7fk.ctika.)c+v s nd by what interaction could they occup .f+7 kss/ y.tv4oaiick c)/br? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for aiw +8prz:y(v wru3e)s $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occursnm1 3bfy4+ nt() kdqqf in the electroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of thetosjmt3 44 u)e reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. )44st uej3o mt $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-valuhnp 5(8w2+d*i h+imdrxxiynqi q 017fe for the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water molecule? *3;fjwd ztvti5g7 x.vdg.cq (    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each othe 0i*:gcbo.hm uoj-ds a/x ya23r at rest and produce two pions, sji b2 xah:* a.-m3u o/dy0cgo$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called ;:o5mra 4;xspu1b3no2wkcju9 ordl*unification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms ood x+.2jqd 4jrr196xtr6 quudf proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions+qxx jjdrq.urtru169 dd4o6 2? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reac2rc)v)*b /d4o (kt btggbn6k jtions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the reaction ;f tkrm)53tjc shaae( 6yfn6od5 9oq1 $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the aq bmw3( x.. .62waq wnae+xcxspeed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?