Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could pr fe594rwkg ;yxoduce a e;fr4 y5gwx 9k$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic jgvd)zg3r /(;1us9v /uvnj gx energy is much greater than 3j(vvs1dg 9zruxv n/)gu /g; jits rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the constitue 7nqbb 2dx)v; d37z: 7foligokyj;)cgnts of nor7ldovj 3bxo) q:2 f)77 y;izgbg;dnckmal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay sm/,ou x(eg)yuvz+ 2dh ignals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among t;lgy* kb zfrjvs 06z:*he decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the wey*v:* 0zskf bg6j lz;rak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even though t4*qf d;iv el*h*e.mll 7bl l0uhe neutron andlh.qe 4l**;mfu de07*lilv l b one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational))z:xm*5t fk.lxrmc 5l doextl5xzl*m r: c.m)f k5s an electron take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of the decays in Tstgddcyn6 :lnx,e/7,.c r f5mable 32- e,sn:d6/ c5r7ny.m,gtldfx c 2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electronycoi)df kp,t51q f-(magnetic interact5dnk()o ip- t1cq, yffion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak intera5o6qnk 4s-xr2/ f oqqfction?

By what interaction, annn;q7g8je)ncs2) w )j5 rs9 i ersxw2rd why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetnrj- 0wy,j + ifxk5kl4ic interac njlkw- jxr5 f0+k4iy,tion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur bsfz m hj7+q)fe4z(1o08meij )pdwgh/ y the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that37kwsk i nw,s9i 7i4pw was massless, had no color charge or elwnp9w ,ks3 kiiw7s i74ectrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to bjc1z/v)kd low 9ufg jcaf6(4* qjj t,7e both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to findqn g0b-pkty98 a)3ke g particles made up of tp8 e0q9k3nytak-bg )gwo quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they are inside the nb u 60bnl p+5f4:apxoukb54kc7e oi8ducleus4odk8ebbpaf5ukp7o 64+ nc l5:iu bx0?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of enxyye cer fvp2os/q86l11 +(a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electrons. lh,lw*3s dnqfw 3u5)e E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in which protqvj/sk ma/b (3/hag 5dons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution fo/q;uhy/ jgf yw*r7 +fyr a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? q;+yyfu7/ w* hfjr/ygT =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 accelerated snyd5 gq4(m6mqmcr 60wc 7av4$\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for pimzmdo+73nh dw2t-(p a cking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compadd zm(73p2a+-omht wn re each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many rexd ). u,.jmk -fca/nf(9fz rht1 kq6jevolutions do protons make. czt(ukd h9fxqjfj f)a-1.r/ 6mn,ek to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengthr9zup6ld) jj 9 ts(3w,d lxz7d yq/s5p ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to acmnc; ac 7lp5)lks ozta, (4j jd5fkk7c*ny(y1celerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will bpj4cbd0aug- 6x wo2y d 6 8h39e1btguqe used to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls 6g 2je dadx y91btq3huog-cwup 8064b for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermxj8bvbb.e62l 63htl 0;o icqsilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is doh6b6 2o8lv3 t.lcj0ix q; bsbene once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (chas8tl.u0c opc8 pq+k 8f7(c;hhwrw5qk rge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-bmww 6t ne,nye88)qi o.:a5v x q)xj8skm-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-Te,wanxqv.8)eiyxb j8o65ems t )n:8 w qV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is relea(hmp 7)ii qvt2sed in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy isjikovf q7t 4;vf1-dx(3wgv.t released when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutdz5r;(.e94cmz( bk nnkcz9cp ron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle were the kpat ytlpu .k48w81iv: aon instead of.ty8vl4 :pt au1pi8w k the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetjqte0 4ult ef 5j* yc:371eqktic energy must ekjt1 :t0qyfqelej3tc7u e *54ach have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic,9gllc e:f)e v energy must two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, andc,g l )9feevl: produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the mas6c,;3 j8nvqsm3ps6n6 l qlnewses of the W and Z particles 3s,n6wjn3 qel;l6 psc8 m6 nvqas about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced w3 q67n,k u8;pawf97ivlccqbl hen a proton and antiproton at rest annil36, v iq7lnb7cqp 8fkaw c9;uhilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is imtewea+ s1/yp*gh 2(gxpossible for an isolated electron t+pge *2 aye1xghs(/ two radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths u2o zh;ea -yx-fc* 0kiof the two photons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinet; -o*ya 2ieuhcf-x0zkic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactiok8y c,d* di.4ttol ljspw*t6, ns and decays are possible? For those forbidden, explai ywttl6, *ipd*t.solkd4jc ,8n what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in the decabbyaqe e)y+x 6mp r.(2/t hp*ny $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in the don;ee dl6/wl 2ecay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width a):*7(ihbbi8ke:z jx gnil-ujnd then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the lda4y y2/dj-b $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ob3ci 5 dg0egegi ,r hd:-kg50vf the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertaig 0n( zo(*dkm*wcr (vznty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For thosee1ojq pj+(z7k,iosl dn*.(y v that are forbidden, explain which lan(vip1lj k yo,e oz*dq7 .(js+ws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, ktoonel5z( j1 n i) odfwa*k0z88iv91(b) an antineutron, (c) a vjlz1nk 5)(kiod o1i0fn 88* zwe9a ot$\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following qun,:-cz tx:)kuo h3 lb5wcu3 ddark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needce gkip i0:b:wg/3j a)ed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reacti7l4h/bcth,ejes:l . im0:ucw on clu i b4e ew:h0,cjmht:7l.s/$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reajjh.-0t 3na4 c24kkmk . tyqrhction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 Ge:* 4rto+pckzb *g;nq. iqdem/V? What is its wavelengthc* rq: b 4.+/topngizmq*;ke d?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron withrr3q y k,**cfp an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated*k*q,r y rp3cf by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron annihiladh2/ r jus.9 sy,uu/fssrmd(2 te each othe(u,j .sdss22s/f yuh/9rmu rdr? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are po;g4 mkwvc4p tnb.w3 in 6.wf4ossible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbiddenw64;pvg4b wk.3moi cn4 .t wfn, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction5ebfof pkq( 7 d5:k+ha could they occur? For those forbidden, explain off5: ph7 +dbe kqa5(kwhy.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a ftk0u c ,tq44illj8 g*$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occq )i1xfad:() f e+stmhurs in the electroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-valuew9hpm8,v)m(n s5q4g2 e ac5 i zgp-li ,glo;jb for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. ,gnlg(cw8 -4, qbpgeop)5zshjvi 2;al9i5mm $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reacy7;d en6:ihdapkqli( oa 6 pe1.:5heftion $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water molecule?a le0 xq6u;n5tyni mu-u5 s-+o    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton a;wea-hpm/d 8 pj8; dkdv/9f3,d g fmofnnihilate each other at rest and produce two pions, mp/d/kep ;a 3 88;fjdofgmh f-wd9dv ,$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distanzt-),0j7drpbsdu p :tce of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in termsjb/hltzwj2up(j k ro *b4u44- of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest.z* (4/b2kuob ju4jj-t4prh lw If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the fd ,/.2wk)qnd grt h-alollowing reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to descrxprjguw9 6 m/9ibe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of oo9 (qd hdrvltu40a-:t20lk v light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?