Give a reaction between two nucleons, u9)mbxas 6o-lwz;ug: similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a 6 asl)x-uwu ob;9zg:m $\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is mu+4 ak g0bu1hdv2gy0zz z5or9 j xfn3:mch greater than rhvn 0gfd+yz3uo95 b1x mgkz2ja :40zits rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the a u2kf-pjj74in ntiparticles to the constituents of normal 2-ni7up kj jf4atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic interacjxx 7ert+7z(3h z o(vttion?

Does the presence of a neutrino a5:hszru:s ov6 p* i6hfmong the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interah6 vp*for:6 5:ihz ussction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak3rzw9vyi40pb interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are stron9zbvrp 430wiy gly interacting?

Which of the four interactiondk8g:.;zc n yls (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electdnkg l8;cz.y:ron take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are c4) kog7v,a3 3x zngyaeonserved in each of the decays in Table 32-2ae gkgy 3,v nxz3a)4o7.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2e emi6a.(yc +p occur via the electromagnetic interactio6ey(a.c e+i pmn?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 oc17x2 o4*+reqs u imks9grqa 7kcur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, andr fd6 jy:u1v,n why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electrob9pgd -d fw:qizx5p/x9ei3 . wmagnetic interactwfx- i w5qb9e.dp 3/xpgi 9:zdion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occmzfw+4t uz./t ur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had non m65 gf5y+ r1cdrdf/n8 vmu)t color charge or electrical charge dmf5+mn18 ryc6guvnrf t /)d5, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a part+qnfpyaw4 46isu-buul+ o. 1bicle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to find parti*jgr6i 7yym 9h3wrw( icles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two anir7 h *6 (j3gy9wywimrtiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay p5,)fmtp, x/- robjgkg *4rwhwhen they are free but not when they are inside the nucleus? w) proxmkhr *g,p t5j,-/4bgf

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetiex/r*;uqk mv 5c energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV elro bmhqhp9ffz6+:zlxu /0tu*.3wjg5ze 1nf7 ectrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in whignr:5,n4a tb beob9y dei5m2+ch protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolut 7( cb2vvdor;lion for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-raovr bl;v 72d(cdius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Exo1 )-xyu oy7knample 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of y a;2 5li;9o hekzk:tzaq7i c6the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each hlkztzokai;e2iq c6:79 ; y5aof their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotroxummv( t x2t2d6 af6m 7l.ket3n is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic .x 3x2dt avm ttmmf66 2l7ke(uenergy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengthg2r+hke 2s h*a ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of )uw /x (lcp2hi1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets for the Laeoy dzg/.7:g irge Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B zgd/:e. 7oygi=    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatrospv-ju9oy+b0 lvc5 3yw) m2shn takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The accemywbsj 2uc)-vy po3s h50l+9vleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (cmq30gdzzc (8l harge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermiwj6 r)lzqq2)v / c+/oj yftbq2lab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV p / /rjcj)fow6qt2lq v2b+zy) qrotons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the dec,6f,lh+f nykx::hlm cay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is r glv02rbw a)ulidk9o/)z, r- )o;rhvheleased when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutron pai69ue6 f t )msa-cv1allr?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediati*36k )h( jfdhlb-w q.8hjte/7fipiym1 s fm .nng particle were the kaon instead of the pi-s 8y(q3d 1ihi)m *h6 fwfmntbj/elpk.hj7.fon. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal +6vklzeez5pz9yxdww.mv8m 4m6mt 3 ,speeds. What minimum kinetic energyw85 .mm 4l tdxwz zpyv6z9v3+, 6kmeme must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy mus tlge h*cz1 1 1qbcm-)nny; jduht/.s*t two neutrons each have if they are traveling at th h1td ) n;*tbnzh1u l/ je.*gsm-1qccye same speed toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the mass kx,u8tj7v0 .om/m yhses of the W and Z particles as ab,y8x/ .vh uj7tk0m omsout 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a proton a++k kf wt*fuks v1 1p6cvmg:;wnd antiproton at rest annihilate? s1ku ;w1f+cv6gkmk* p: t +fvw $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible for 0j5 sajb b-dff+ b)e6 kglp-;yan isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) Withajs;) fl5dp+ yfj0be- bbk-g 6 this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two lb s+wc n;lgk(9wlkxmr, 2-2hphotons produced when an electron and a positron, each with ;(l nhl ,lrbcm22 kxw9kg+ws- 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions ayr:y3oz,( ;umqmf9) nhl01t se 2mdgvnd decays are possible? For those forbidden, expla2;q g(hr1uy3yfsmn)e90mvo mtd, :l zin what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two pro-pty 23jwif kl(j 6y:e lh(fn/ducts in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic ener f;fa -ix :hqv337iazaxkia .3gy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the life)re) n-l4yb jgy.a bl1time of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of they4:-kjworbu) p dl8 jd;wi;f. $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width offqv3w/a pd*fq ;*aawh *5q /eq the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width ( d0hcd;oq b0 p3f yel(ura5 e+pr/ht*5or uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays a,ykyr xl(-8nore possible? For those that are forbidden, explai 8lxr(o,yky -nn which laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark co. ;trm jlw6 80ydtha-mmbinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) a mhrmtl ;wd0t ya- .68j$\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the followingq 2;kdy,kqo56ms7 fva quark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combiidrm-a6fn0d04 zc ;b iqw ),renation needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in lb/ o.j0zc67zfuc*f v Fig. Below) for the reaction 7cf vl.j6*f zcbzo0u/$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reaction kl0wwy:box2 6rnw+ s7$n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy6hw.dkv69dh6nyep njq 3( o k, of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wav npyhv9e6h, 6d3w(.6 okqn kjdelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into thep*au.d) qg-t tqz: 4r9.7u l ;rzosrpt 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximatelyzsar -).u4rt7ug9ztl qpo:d r* .;qtp how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron rdpmye/30qg ,k1 wk.s annihilate each ow ky/r130ke.d mqg,psther? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, a jznt;g,,; 47jj r qo*ykhyz(kk25,vx,p q tyfnd by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, ,x4ky5rkhpt*z,,jf,q ogy; q 2 ;kn y7 jvt(zjexplain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction could0*wy x p2 2ed9n2dnxkd they occur? For those forbidden, explain2 *d2dnpkewy d 2xxn90 why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a kjsg3a-77gaewq j h-6 $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the e(x.5 qvucy0+mk j hk8ivcn2t sgb77c(lectroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactio 6-81fixm 4 uhmbk*smsns, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. fxbmm8 hu m4*i-1ssk6$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reacto /p3 irsjd2,aibp)t6ion $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water molecule? wxiu;/c 4yj1c    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annirdkle 2pi:by n+ 45/hchilate each other at rest and produce two pions, d :cn/be lk5+p2hr4yi $\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the sokng1s znvp+my4(*s)o09 tu an dt2 )wr-called unification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of pro05 ugzhmo3 v).iy tl0iper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle ihy mt0)0g3o 5viu.iz ls at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing parke6tq3:vu k-)c2;aec d jeeo5ticle in the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to descr 6oe.pnpx8kp1ibe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of lightq h.l r *u3wcfto3ey.)xd ms/+ $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?