Give a reaction between two nucleons, siblo5m: 5qi 0vllvac ++milar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a vo m l+0a lqvl+bc5i:5$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so,-yx-fy) ocx+fh9gyzeb r;c+ that its kinetic energy is much greate-zfocyx+ ,b-fy+9g) xcr ;hyer than its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of ttp8kih6w v 2i9b*o3i qhe antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal w96qpobk3hi * iwt8 iv2orld of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electro fs m9(hgm/qt);awl 5ws(w.awmagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products n-rz 4ight67mof a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a negntr64i7 -zh mutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction evk.de3cq2 4rp3 zzo/ 73zudokven though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are stronge2qzkvo.o/ 3z7 334pdr dc kuzly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, 9/fv nzbf 34gagravitational) does an electron takef9 nzba/f3g v4 part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon numbm jbi(mba ,-4:l 0ja7z(ydb gner are conserved in each of the decays in Table 32-2.jz mbi4-j07:n( m(dbba ya,gl

Which of the particle decays in Table jpf;5j .,3dsh.fkeukbnqj-y) 99 pi f32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interactiphdfqn.s5 yi k 9jp9-,bj );.f3kefujon?

Which of the particle g5j 2y*od fdy 9w;o5yadecays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and whybytu:lya(te6vc ; fy6,a/c /c , does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particl3 /b(vu 8j6kntn +.*rphizzxoe decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interaction+ n6tn(kpvbxi .hrju o3*/zz8 ?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occurr 3j t3t7yjqz9 by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was mass+otx97afujp: os (lr8less, had no color charge or electricapt7(u 9+ l osjar8ofx:l charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a partic 1v rff2lksu7:.yb wa:le to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chk*o xc.xf/u3l romodynamics, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about twuco l3*kx/ .xfo quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they ar0 -ym,-bwjccpl,/eu9 ggpc:b e free but not when they are inside the nucleuygpw/e9ucgc-l0 j:,bb ,p mc-s?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energ u6;y0ej7wp+w)u o fcx-ib:ec,lo b(my of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV,1bvva1ww; br joli *gtlg ijie); ncg)t(-: : electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic fied0 4y1w;(x :aahttn lild is used in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revf w- gast(anb5a/bwv cu2349aolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab(t f2wwu4cnb/9b3vga as-a5 a accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-rnf2 5y4+v o+fd+r4v vqom5 jo2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out de0*+tcjdz ppi3z :+ h*tqink, itails of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the sizth qiti*jc z,k3dp +0: zpi*+ne of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 fld -jiv4 l;ow3 ka8h:kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach h3adj8k4 :owlv- i l;fa kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengt y,cnbin+yjh4cgwbs l.5) 3u 4h ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of(e oj4bs :j g729bt0h wdw:qw puaiy+, 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magn.o2zkg.bp 8k xets for the Large Hadron Collider og.zp2bk.x8 k(LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 secvk ; o f+7dylxl7.z-jq f6g/ds: a)owlonds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy )- :zjgo 6k dl.7ow y7xq;+v/s afdllfgiven to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of3 h;sz kilp(h03-f f5ih mnp1hl9fn9x a particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synca a2wj0s1iu0ntg 5( wshrotron for 1.0-TeV prot wi0t2san0us w51jg( aons? B =    T

  How much energy is released ins3:so)w o7xsd( :mkzso :2muw the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released d(rks+3 lnr ylzc, 7,ywhen a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a y l 8tts*)nh,dna-4xj neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong f:oby l*;i ozjmij9jhn+ 8,e 6gorce if the mediating particle were the kaon instn6oegz yli9;:i*hj8, jjob+ mead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other wit kn vk8ll/4ku4.wl1dxjk /qw 3h equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each have if ad v41lnwk/uk/8kwk.34 x jlql $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two7qtr g gd65( yc1a5vac neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward eac7gcvrgayd5 t 16(aq5ch other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the maz7)t cv, dhhitxd 1ml1-x5w.)zra 6eosses of the W an 1xz h1cx 5dhv lt)tidew.m-oa6z,)7rd Z particles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when e kkxlep,24- pa proton and antiproton at rest annp4k2,el ke-pxihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and en,zp4 jx;ml;i mergy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Belj4l m pi;m,xz;ow)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electron and aji/ qozmtxb1*6wy )b9 positron, each with 420 keV of kinwxz9) y/bmj1*qob6 itetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reaction v64a 8h2tbjyfs and decays are possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws a6f ja2tv84bh yre violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two pr9(a9h6s arl 5ms btbl:oducts in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy fzo+fa1 tj*0cu/5il) vt b/g6la7xt w of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to e w10p2hyzk-b z-3g qldstimate the energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width o8d;/xi w lgdl/f the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of28 qjhu97gzy3s)h) jkgkj mx. the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy w3k e5o f)1zeddidth (or uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are 5c7ki+ulkjgdq8 o k37forbidden, explain which u5gjd ck8 +oli73 qk7klaws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a df55psb8 ymhs7 9ad*oneutron, (b) an antineutron, 5dabo7s9 dy fs* m85ph(c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations produ8(f v9f, qkf zqnu4z6ece: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed toe:ujuz,wf6q n2:hg5a7,ffw b produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram us no/k2i5l)art8*ttgo:yx6vmm z7p 9f ing quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction8fkt/z rv 6:)* 9lymn 7to2oaxgi 5ptm $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reactio.2-nqoespia2 em qz/ u*u( 4qtn $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total enuwlk 5h7j -my9ergy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its -7mj 9w5lhuy kwavelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into tlr/ bepm++d/ ohe 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are acc+o rdp/lme/b+ elerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released who9hnyy8r/9d+f ox2 afpgd0 5 ben an electron and a positron annihilate each other9ydyb+f9fxpo2adn 0h8 rgo5/? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions areh u:+e9 )mwn hm:zxz:2uh,opy possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain whx2zuz:h +w):h:n,ohmu m 9pyey.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, a8gt2or y i4z7dnd by what interaction could they occg8y7i dotz r42ur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a 6fhqu1h (3byb: cy*q2hlscl8 $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs vua* h70cups1m8 .jwr in the electroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for produck.4 eh gl63zo50yd zfving a pion.5vgzkfo0d 63.lh4 e zy $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-valu,7 p,rdgg l97: p zwxv4ucit0ge for the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions arpdliyr g3g ,0;e there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other a : 8i4l8mt)y kew:v;ifjo9w zpt rest and produce two pions, i t;)88kowpwz yjvli:4fe:9m $\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distancezk6remvqu 8ej;8mj5y *etd6, of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, meaz) ey; ellr0w4f :zpx/sured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would w zeypf:ll 4 ze;/)rx0its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following rexffvfjp;u6a xbu ,m-y u2k /s11ov94k actions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe tk54imv erf 9 ybhdg+.,he reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of2l;sf e2m ulnvt.i.+ 8pz7h ix6b5idi light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?