Give a reaction between two nucleons le; nclhva9l n.*k,z0, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a hl .k lncv a09,;nez*l$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic energy gtf*:9o46e6ea5ifkhu h y:m lis much greater thakt i*ouma 4h::e9gf5eyh6fl6 n its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made om(j d0dt5dm2up of the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimattod 5(m tm2d0djer, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic interaahfy8175fk2thaq-za d )-d lmction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among thxcsbvc2s 4 /c8p/ohv0 e decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all/pcv/ 8o4csv0 bhsc 2x decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via t(/ 9b0smcjo; fnmo.phhe weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interacti hpj /.o;0fcmn(sbom 9ng?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) nf;5 *l1 gnpzidoes ang*5 nln;p1zf i electron take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of the dwt*,y pu; drwbf629a vecays in Table2a 6rfp wyvb;,9dwt u* 32-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur vie +dxk7)p869ynid dk-wl7r bn a the electromagnetic interactil- rpwy7d6ed +7xni9)kk bnd8on?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by t0)wt77c x)o7 dqqf pg-wksm b.he weak interaction?

By what interaction, an0bb-jc rsq +p;( *fwugd why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the el/guycsl2r u52 ectromagnetic interacusglu r5/y c22tion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the zd0 l4 * t**+u fnj/2lmmdroosweak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color c. dm82 fubpx, p8pb3gnharge or electrical charge, and did not fee.83nxgpubm,pfb 2dp8 l the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to :z(j(+xboz g/qt +wfibe both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromod:0f 0,k r6h6mj )2xucagdwuhxynamics, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? Wr ku 0hcfdw0a)j 6xh6um2:g,x hat about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they are (smd avo j::dl1s8jm-hp(e u,inside the nucleus(j( :mju ,mv:dld 8p1-hseos a?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total enq(9gxsasbvcv10 yjr 577i)s u ergy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV e 4-xc gkmu6(jhe*z c g)csn8g+lectrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field*d ;cn31mpy6m( hj,fzqu:w8r wgeyy 0 is used in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution fo5+ +h/a2y rjj,gyuo)zdv siphcj*o8/r a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab ap hid cj o/j8z jyo)ah2*r/+su5vy+ ,gccelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 acces 1p;1eh1y9f *tukeytlerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particle,eb1jxr8, hfr s or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the 8hf1,rbe,j rx size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the deesg ir7;zf /wuab7/rv)i /ni/ly of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach /a;iirwv/n7yi r zfl )u7bg/ /a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengo )*at.grss/oc 4r dn.jpo1s-th ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius oe0ww* pwm9ld43mch -gf 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magn;bw;:ib y :+u,cyts7yw8vmm t ets for the Large Hadron Collwv t8wyut +,bs;ycm7 i;y :mb:ider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermv) (0ky q3ijn hcs3yp*ilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons i3ciqy* ( s 3)pyhkn0vjs essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy (; x2r lanarl*of a particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-kk,kopd ko; *6ai 7i*fnm-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV protoa;kp kdo7,n i 6ki*f*ons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the deca w)y.fh4+h2y d ysdgx4y $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is releatpdyb ,56 2eqf toj4q4sed when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is requi vhab/7--m liqqy wk-0red to produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating partsdnfbv, 1+wgx 06xa86uz ju1ok5o gd)icle were the kaon instead of the piggvja5duw sun,bo1 0oxkz8)1+6dx6f on. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. What minimumuf+ o5 rbir r w4qc3zy f5pi2*h.i0wj) kinetic3z b+qw4 i*rr50i.fup2f hwc oij5)yr energy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have if they are trukxmfe:7c-:n b gjqfy 4a7x5/k45 kc aaveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and p7-axj5 qcuc7 aefx 445 k:n :fmkk/ygbroduce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 3a1b lrhcv 7l.l;uh3. ako mv:+2-3, given the masses of the W and Z particv .+bl: 7ah1.cmouav3;rkl hlles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of thmj7,atsi0y 9 hy5w3h ve two photons produced when a proton and antiproto5y7h s0awi,tj h9m3vyn at rest annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible ff -w cfw+de;0for an isolated elect-w+0 wfdfefc;ron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths 9ivn9v8ig((va8e m eocv +k*cof the two photons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinmvon9( 8k(e *i + vcevgivac89etic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For those forbidden8v8 gf y) wv79-c8(opglnxjf z, explain what laws are violated. fv8z 8fp()-gw gj7 vx y8ncl9o
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy ofnfkp3 k9:pxf //l d-ba each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the e02wlxkdjsc6.x3 b7, qpy9d 9n2jewuclectron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy qz9a5(mrsnp( t9zut , width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thqptxf.j n -*6-ws.xlb e $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width o zez *w;f)3payph.+uff the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty) of uthd-l5m- rfiop*,*d+m tzx8tm3aghl qq . 04
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those rugi8hr aj1 an:o-2o -that are forbidden, explain which laws are vih 2r8n:goa-1our aj- iolated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neu lz,6 k-,mqbwjpn.,0b iz6hmcn6jt c 7tron, (b) an antineutron, (c)0 n,6 cwkb7p-cnit6zq,jz6jbl .h ,mm a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the fol 6yfs;r k ctq6p.py9aydw /w+5uhv6/ulowing quark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combikijvm 1j cj5+6nation needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram usin4et8jhfjh 9as 1ib1sz-e,e e +g quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction 1hfzs8 ihj9j,-e bs 14e+aee t$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for then)g0mq(v; -m ,shjs3dvtmzvz8r y+ 79j. pnpe reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV nmzx5:v 9a 5-ddj7han7uzn(j ? What is its jzn: n7avzn5 mh79-duda(5j xwavelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermil f2vfv* c-0azbab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? dfvfcv- 0 ab2z*$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electrceh*co j 62lm6on and a positron annihilate each other?eo* 66mlc2hc j $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reaction/5tee3z yro 9js are possible, and by what interaction could thet/rjez 59 yoe3y occur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, tugcagk6542 sand by what interaction could they occur? For those forbiddskagutg 246c5en, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a v3p k9 m,,;. fukat,1knjjujl$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in thewbyd3os 8yo 2i+ i*d.ph.c-n-mrq/ tc electroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion6e 40tttu-rso8j(z hv.o(t vs eztj4 -t6r8u0h $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value fo7n x e/5c5pjfor the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water mol ,jqq(jn)u1:ytnip g)ecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other .- 6+woakv cduat rest and produce two pions, kw.u-c v+a6do$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-caluz, :7fgblir9 1,l q9t6 gay+oaltrm8ao4 y,eled unification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 a, - (f5ejanxgxre in terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring anjx x-efn (a,5gy collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reactions. z77zlx7j cw0+kxy n/ d
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model toh2e9tgi4 gxof/ tae 7yw9+un4 describe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of light8aqs 6y6 hc+mu $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?