Does Huygens’ principle )qy1uos:fw)ke7b cb, ::ef j vapply to sound waves? To water waves? Explain.

What is the evidence that light is enerp2rk :m fxkcv xn/e* 08m59kbigy?

Why is light sometimes described a5nmi 3ra 2vg8os rays and sometimes as waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, but we cannot see around corners;a 5f anob19v5g yet both sound and la 5fnb9 gavo51ight are waves. Explain the difference.

If Young’s double-slihbd k5x.ip 6b;t experiment were submerged in water, how would the fringe patt xkphbb5;.d i6ern be changed?

Monochromatic red light is incidenvjgs1b9c p4r5t on a double slit, and the interference pattern is viewed on a screen some distance away. Explain how the fringe patter 1jrs4b95c vgpn would change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source destructively sx vizsp 7)2ipk8m3g 0interfere if their path lengthsi7i xs8z2mp 3) kpv0gs differ by how much?

Why was the observation of the double-slit interference pattern more convincing l;ykb9r*q gtq .pz20c - sppa5evidence for the wave theory of light thanr l2bc *zqq t0-95gaksp;. ypp the observation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experiment for sound waves to that for light waves. Discui.rg+ ri5 o*audcb 9/fss the similarities and differena9 fdbg.uri cor+5 i*/ces.

Why doesn’t the light from the two herew: +7 pathnh85 snpg 8wza.6adlights of a distant car produce an interfernp:5t wrah .gzh+8nsw687e p aence pattern?

Suppose white light falls on the-9zg: m gyx6psn9besh+d; rk 5 two slits of Fig. 24–7, but one slit is covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the other by a blue filter (450 nm). Describe the pattern on the gknyz;s9 9bpe rd+h56gs- :mx screen.

When white light passes through a flat piece of window glass, it is not broks yk;l (,01 kksugq.te(ehr i0en down into colors as it is by a urhge0(te(y1.,0ks k l ; kqsiprism. Explain.

For both converging and diverging le bgouu7gb+9 p4 wfr:.tnses, discuss how the focal length for red light differs from rg f7b9op.4b: w gu+tuthat for violet light.

A ray of light is refracted through three different materials (Fig. 249immpa96t7 g w–55). Rank the materials according to their 6 mtg9aw7 m9ipindex of refraction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and fqst9 v7 )pjde/ guhf;c5o:5yj a2e;zgocus on a distant light source through a narrow slit between two fingers. (Adjust your fingezjuvyje2g ;hagsc5 q)7t/95 :; pdfoers to obtain the best pattern.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diffrac(m5glsbq4 6yc tion pattern of a single slit if the whole apparatus is immersed in (a) water, (b) a vacuum, instemq5bg( l4c6syad of in air.

For diffraction by a sav;wm, f6c o4nn; 6w id-aqs*iingle slit, what is the effect of increasing (a) the slit width,vcas-;mw n6ndif64i* , q;owa and (b) the wavelength?

What is the difference in thop2vanv u8lp5w801 di9p* kt re interference patterns formed (a) by two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is the advantage of (a) many slits, (b) closelyv j3 ec1l6a;un spaced s613 jvnace;lu lits?

White light strikes (a) a diffraction,v7- a :8h tm-lka.gc typlc;v grating, and (b) a prism. A rainbow appears on a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incident beam in each case. What is the color of the top of the rainbow in em-.va;-,pl ckl 7a:gt8c tvyhach case? Explain.

For light consisting of wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm, i5p5ocl 0 kney8ncident normally on a diffraction grating, for what orders (if any) woul0l 8pkocn 5ye5d there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does your answer depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes noticeable onlye tkmj +mh86p eup) wh+,m38jy for a thin film like a soap bubble and noth6 ep 8j3y,mju+8k)+hte pwm m for a thick piece of glass, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at an a36a mc w9qo)dyngle in white light, the reflected light is a full spectrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. What would youoa96cdq3mw) y expect to see if monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) closer togenk /oj 47d(;fan6,8zhs wiea+ uu-cizther farther from the center?

Some coated lenses appear greenish yellow when seen by reflected light. What b6jin. 3fbu5x r)ymk96x t8y ywavelength5tm yjfru yk6iy3.x)8bxnb 69s do you suppose the coating is designed to transmit completely?

A drop of oil on a pond appears bright at its edges, where its thickness is mscmoja : ;p4)much less than the wavelengths of visible light. Whpcm josm4:) a;at can you say about the index of refraction of the oil?

What does polarization tell us about the nature of lighz:i2; hs z5f9h+wzj apt?

Explain the advantage of polarized sunglasses over no. (g4gnkmsm v-rmal tinted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pair of sunglasses is p ;gzdatz,b6 3q9g;ej-xa5innolarizing or not?

Two polarized sheets rotate dxsi7ri );ek,xre.l6d at an angle of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if the Earth had no atmq q0qpcz+k b36osphere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 times denser than it is, woulz 3tt qk8ena, /pudl*;d sunlight still be white, or wouldde u8pqz/*l;at nkt 3, it be some other color?

  Monochromatic light fall8) pg(ore-abfv+ zzs,ing on two slits 0.016 mm apart produces the fifth-order fringe atrg)v-s+ a,fz bze (p8o an 8.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe o **bv:j vaqay3sg: 9spkn4my0f 610 nm light is observed at an angle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two very narrow slits 0.048 mm apart. Succsxlh3wbr hnud- 6o.(wc -bg6 2essive fringes on a s h.oudw (bb 6w-hr62-3gc nlxscreen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. Determine the wavelength and frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a He-Ne laser,bcv: vx g,(ga0lduy -60n0vrl with a wavelength 656 nm, falls on two very narrow slits 0.060 mm apart. How far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern v00u0l cxrvb6l v, yg-(:gadn on a screen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 6801a gzc6p2(s xa nm falls on two slits and produces an interference pattern in which the fourth-order fringe is 38 mm from the central1 czgp26xa(as fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes through two slits 0.58 mm apart, how fara*dl5tjm; xnasueb551 k .c4 j apart are the second-order fringes for these two wavelene kd5j4b5 1a 5*xu; tc.lnsmjagths on a screen 1.0 m away?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment, it is found that blue light of wavelength 4r;,3fh* ndxmz60 nm gives a second-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength orn*hd3 fzmx,;f visible light would have a minimum at the same location?    nm

Water waves having parallel /wjzq q+th4;h crests 2.5 cm apart pass through two openings 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to the “straight-through” direction would there be little or no wave action w+4qqjtzhh/;?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placed in front of *y2a3y;8/b: ii7ro imxegtvmthe lower slit in Fig. 24–7 so that the two waie yrvi2 am;mo /tb:* 7i83xygves enter the slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the third-order maximum8y(v,akhpsk: np+3bjr 8 r /xf for light of wavelength 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from the centrabfj8p3hpk8+a x y,(s v:/k nrrl bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm are illuminated by 544 nm light. Find the *xfw*1mt1 mxeh24zr adistance between adjacent bright fringes on a screenmx r1m2wzxh*a4 * 1tef 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 nm in ak b1l wm.5*sio b6-rje2t:g mr:q:y atir falls on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) y cpcro:)j2r:odz j+l06 dmd0e1gkp *covers one slit of a double-slit apparatus illuminated by 640-nm light. :dcd01k:cr6 y)r2 mg+zj p*0 opo lejdThe center point on the screen, instead of being a maximum, is dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, ;utzd)6t* f k; ldmpw+does the speed of red light (700 nm) exceed that of viol;+6wmpduf l;k d)t*tzet light (400 nm) in silicate flint glass? (See Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes p; p3)z vkg:l1d5p;oz 9juxuha piece of glass at a 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavu5 o6(lzfmv(*z /*6fa 9ghnuoy) witnunj57g elengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a slit 0.0440 mm wide, what is the fulln s) kpt w9whls-egnge3c t7p h7a72.9 angular width of the central diffraction23gpets7 cnaeln 79)skh9.wp hg w7t- peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls on an(g43kudc jmjtd jxfc/v,dp8 /13h- j slit that is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm falls on a sl5 ,wtlhvki(9eit that is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm o,rf: o8hf+nofm52 add n:gz 2wide is illuminated by 450-nm light. What is the width of the centradfoma2 rn d,ohn 5f28+fo::zgl maximum (in cm) in the diffraction pattern on a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelength 653 nm falls on a sli gmqomk7dv., huza8p8wi, 3i6)u; rwwt. If the angle between the f.dmugq,w3)8wr6 vkop i8hiawm7, zu;irst bright fringes on either side of the central maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peak on a screen x-g. j-eo id7be2j ne, ww8xh:2.30 m behind a 0.0348-mm-wide slit illuminated by 589-nm lighj e27 ,eb:wn-jwi.dex8- ghxot?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 440 h.hgc li) :3q,t1dhzunm falls on a single slit, the first dark bands on either side of cengd:q3l tu zih,1h).ch ter are separated by 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavelength 415 nm falls on a s1ekbts*m8al4m ger 34ingle slit, it creates a central diffraction peak that is 9.20 cm wide on a screen that is 2.55 m aw8b3rkl ma4 1mt4 e*gseay. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm onto5;f69k 4e9jd2yk x1r/hyj lscc 2light so that the diffraction maximum is 4.0 cm wide on a screen 1.50 m away, what will be tesxknc k o 9dc/j21;rt yh594l62 fyjohe width of the diffraction maximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given waveleng,l /jwsm 0+ke.- wcez7k0/npbu1cfqs th $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light produce a second-order maximum whennsh qy8;lc(w *r7h/c y:aaw3pz0hp9c falling on a grating whose sl a awp*ylh qw7ccp98zn y;/h(hr3:s0 cits are $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centim4zqm me e:*6ji(owsiyj0)b1teter does a grating have if the third-order occurs at an 1moeqjj 6 40ymi )iw1 be*zt(s:8.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm ligh nr5dz hw,*qciiotf9 oyy8 +f .*,tek8t falling on a diffraction grating is observed atd ,.5*i y coro9tezffqw8ni+h,8 yk*t a 15.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating slch..9 ro :ofhas $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally) 1cs: uxjyip9()gfq2jo*ww v on a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that can be seen if4 p 0m 1*sezl 0blon(zfrrj1ikfs*/7s a grating with 6000 lines per cm is ne(1m/sl ri0 pfb4srz jo 01s*zl7f*killuminated with 633-nm laser light? Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral or 4nq7b1nt3nw gders can be seen on either side of the central maximum when white light is sent through a diffraction grating. What is the maximum number of lines per cm for the grati7nq n t4n3wbg1ng?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengtbj6ka3 ;jxcnmcrgm0cms(u + pnn0/3l6 u20n mhs from 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a grating withnmmun j2n63cn b63 /saup0 lm;x+gjrk(cc0m 0 $8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produces monochromatic light of ao sjqs1qg0at, x- 0t+u known wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum lines are melv6uis:8tox)nzi( rt/ : .vqbasured by a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm thick, what wavelength is mos0z k8o,wn7upn t strongly reflected at the center of the outer surface when illuminated normally by white ligouzn knw,80 7pht? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Example 24–8 if the glass p*d2,foge*.bfov7 c vnlates are each o veg 7f2bf.c*,ovn* d26.5 cm long?    cm

  What is the smallest thickness p h weoh2gw)nz d i94, 7;;ixei,6bujuof a soap film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenishh0ap wxuwyv+ q2: h+:o yellow ($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark Newton’s rings (not counting the dark b+wy krto8f 3)spot at the center) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–3)o t3ykfrw+b 81). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates one end of t7ne-fvj3mdw/ 6 n si*fwo pieces of optically flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When light oe37ms6- *vd/ffiw nn jf wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines are observed (with one at each end). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air layer be between two flat cw*k0i,ong; 4miy/ c zglass surfaces if the glass is to appear bright when 450-nm light is c,i/*w0 mkyo; gciz4 nincident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material,o1qr l);d44f6c7k mhhvvjz7r suspected of being a stolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcohol 5xg 1z6k9jmy b$(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatuswmx r n(i *oa2hjd8,j:r-r9/d zddr d1 (Fig. 24–31) is immersed in a liquid, the diameter of the eighth dark ring decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. What is the refractive index of the liquid?,dmdoj8/ rd 2whjind:9zr *1- rx r(da   

  What is the wavelength of the light enb g tm3 l03/v;b;hy1i nj2evatm+cl9btering an interferometer if 644 bright fringes are counted when the movable mirror moves 0.gb bi3m ;v0m/tt1nby9 ah2cv3el ;j+l225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connected to the movable mirror d7s ) webtzlxbhl 1i03l7vj4 2of an interferometer. When the micrometer is tightened down on a bll3w4 d)t1h b xl7 7v2s0zjeithin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mir q )xh5jkj05+sgt.u arror $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an interferometer (Fig. 24–59) passes through a small glahf.ou1jh h-rm.:j gr m79( jvxss container containing a cavity 1.30 cm d:1 h -(x7j h rjrmoumv9j.f.hgeep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are oriented at 65(9tw j 2s6iivh$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle epnm0**mvab9for an air–glass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for a diamond submerged in water ixnvm54ok:1 wg f the light is hitting the diamoo 1mn 45wxkv:gnd $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so that the light passing through them is a maximudaemw jw n b4h+5dd:dp0a.ewk5h: o-+m. At what angle should one of them be placed so that the intensity is subsequently r.nwp dhwajdw4+mea:b dk-05ho: 5+ deeduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed so asgg2qvr3l2* 2t9fl fr vn(. akg to reduce the intensr l.vf*3 k(ang2tflv g2q9 2grity of the incident unpolarized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented aaz+qs3 80o9jd d6v,dhfimt4 c t 40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented vj,ve7b9yxd5 at 38.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle be foej,;pk dxiuy el1,i+,r reflections off the surface of water for light coming from beneath the surface? Compare to the angle for total internal reflecti+ ,k,;pjxi,d eu 1elyion, and to Brewster’s angle from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes through five sudma ; :*)vwlqkccessive Polaroid sheets, each of whose axis makes a 45*wq)ld km av;:$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength l4 : jrszf(uk6. u(l3wz8uhud$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting fr+ig*jckz )q*pom mountains or airplanes can interfere with the direct*+gczijpq ) k* signal from the station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources pa cfnd7hn;z:73f pkg+ isses through a diffraction grating with gn7f :n f;k+di pzh73c$ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through two narrow slits 0.60 mm av72;cql )xsmayk w;+jml hv/8part. The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelk;jyxs cl 2a)lvv7 mm/q8;+hw ength produces its second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 MHz broadcasts k e.;1irff*c dfrom two identical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A m*ckeffi ;.dr1aximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back from an outside doorway j 0 i )et.polntu vb:fs+74wu10.88 m wide, and blows a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Ignoring reflections, estimate atl14n uv oj+bw7u pt0tse.:) fi what angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light fallr4cp:,k gexu9x w3 l(ns on a single slit of width D at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetlegaxj nn*pjt 02zj7t 51 have a series of parallel lines across them. When normally incident 460-nm light is rpnx*0 t7ja 1jj 2tzg5neflected from the wing, the wing appears bright when viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a grating have if there is to b)3i *m i3fnzzqy bg,q6e no second-order spectrum for any visible wavelength?zi3z3g yb6q ,)n*i qmf   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-order spectraf.w q26sg(m6 7 drnjjf of white light produced by a diffraction grating always overlap. What waf6qnmd2w j6sj (r 7g.fvelengths overlap exactly?

  When yellow sodium ligh g4ck lieb; baw8ze6ieii( g60d a7kr8 w4(uw6t, $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffractioj zlx 79nwy31 zjuol68n grating with and the pattern is viewed on a screen 2.5 m from the grating. The incident light beam consists of two wavelengths, juwz691xl jz83n7ol y$\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction of a clear material if a minimum of 150 nm ; r )iko*uxgf*thickness of it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm is incident normally upon it? Do you have aiur k*)f;o *xg choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of variable wavelength 8w1tt.sdtj/ xph j qvl5-/ tg8pw s+f3is incident normally on a thin sheet of plastic film in air. The reflected light p 8p1thj .+wqtvd-3t/lst5 w gfsx8j/ is a minimum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness needed10 q,gw cthmw8ly4p)h for an anti-reflective coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thickness for the air layer betwe 6s+ia22t3ne hiw;qcren two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear dark when 640-nm light is incidew na qt6r2h 3+icsei2;nt normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transmitted through a thin film layered on a flat rh6 +bs1 eig;f:l3rxvpiece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible valuxrvf1gh:+6 ;blsr3iees of index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon is the tlgjb 1a,,umoy8h5q8 pktpi.2r59* r 5uqghuSun when light reflecting off a smooth lake is polarized most strongl.tum p19 ri hy8q,gj*5patbrh5lq5, kg2 uu o8y?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to redu5h ;fz0. uynebce the intensity of the incident unpolarized light by an additional fach.nuf0y5;eb z tor (after the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on two polarbo2:t , npv: uajzb7(iizer sheets whose transmission axes are at right angles. A third polarizer is placed between the first twopu: 2zno: jb bva,7(it so that its axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed in succession with thei5:xrw.m ez7:su vwg u1r axes vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes through a slit of width 1.0 cm and is poin+dgj sat6v..5mnqqq.ted at the Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estq5.gmd . qa6q+vnj.stimate the width of the beam when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizersqhn iyvw2cn9id 3j3 2/ are each placed at a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap .u-sr,sr; fmtcul r3t;)de4k$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase w8g(l tg5yckr6kg zkry71 3z y(ith each other. Theyr 86k1k kzcg gr7y y(zgtl5y3( are located at points $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavelengths, 420 nm and 61t g0qm2su00fd ne8k,5kpfc bmcl u)3 50 nm, enters a silicate flint glass equilateral prism (Fig. 24–5e8qn,0mm 5sk1 3cpld gfuu f2t0)k0cb8).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has one flat surf7/ t fvjojivs, 74(wzc y-ax5cace and one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm