Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodvv;sps/fq);7k/r wf l ic table or Append7v s/f ;rp)kvf/w;l sqix B.

Name several properties ofls-q 5zz ofu8-w;t 3x5czt wv. materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.xtv;z wot5 5u- 8l.qswzfc3-z

Which is larger, 1 C 9s jeu :b9j(os$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is ny mdtk8zr:- d2.u5k3 ;jyrl cbn+/ghr ot in thermal equili+;kmr -2d ly5cyzju3gk8dr.r /nbth:brium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip conujvu60ca pg6(sists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] cu 6(p0gau6jvWhy?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lineal k*p6 3ao9b6ivxdm1ir expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (t.lody *n9bf:j 7gdos +uea. vn74/heor other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip c+uodeojy :g*d.an9t.e7nf s hv74l/b onsists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends b(3 d(jfqy:-z-jnuzg often have a section in the shape of a d 3( u:qngf(-jz-yz bjU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylindc1.3 mr.+at+q 2ra6gc k) qftglad rv1er of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermmx6x2 y auvfb: ah+5,*k-f fojometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descend av*5hoa-y6fxfx j2mbf u,+k:s a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more r;qbbw4:ag/ s tyivo q lnf 491wud,,-8n kbfm0apidly than adjacent parts. Expl1v ,0b4omwn,b ytdf- q4 u:8;kbl ia9sw n/qgfain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of lines 8q dnq6)cl:c/)ugab ar expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the incnb8d )q6 /:aculcgqs)reased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cl z).ffd 8vodz/ock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of sod f0+37,qa x0qpcodugqa will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up.qu0, 7xq+0dp3 qfoagc What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, ki7fr ,gz ov9-b qer4/chsset (d(x3bn+a l ;6by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike rg ,refk7d + q zeb /(iothxcs-b4v;( 96lnas3the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sp7 q:4 ( ,o2oi-vtzrjey dpn2oehere submerged in water increase or decretr,o vjeo-ped4 yq o2zn2:i(7ase if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theorb(rm;+(zuq pozi :p61vwg 8p d/+ 3mcwi sl)bzy and the relation between average kinetic energydb+ug(( w wozm 3i/pv:)i1+c s6rpbz 8zqp;lm and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s la (:rz*6zw:gsf9h: 9toiccgb qw follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’k :s(efj+rrc 8 is7v*d7z 0rqls atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Eow yu ewvrv kspo+592cy umgw28o/ 9.8arth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to t 82wuov swkup8oey/9+m 2v 5yogc .9rwhe Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickl q*-*oj uy;rq e1bjj.my than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of* jjq*r -byqmu.1o;ej one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is 9g znt30ph*ir far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempnzr9*gpi ht0 3erature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperat /s++ ineald9vure (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when thnrm jwre 749m2e air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at thej mr4wm927en r same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cauh3w)rypsyvfn-cx i +*, 30tep of an overheated automobile ep swhf*c 0-3i 3)vrn,uy xty+engine.

Why does exhaled air a2,)a 3utaxsv0vj xhq0gsj; l 8ppear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3 jp2id(l7qwa3 .4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring qlwb1,f lxc*+a z +or23sq6 sjcompare to the number in a silver ring of the sa+ f*6 oaz lsrw1qbj+s,3cql2x me mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsiuoz5.wxz,s(v s1que,9, ltwjrai 4 *lls scale?qz,wo.s* siw 9rv ,uj4l( lxte1azl,5    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatu al8a8ewhvl3ez 34f a:sqg( *,p*w tczres recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thp 3tk 2ee.sw)xermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 .p3)ewt2ksxe$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of s:jx 6pxselwe 4afv+ige912;y labs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron u( ;z2jwp bb9jvimx70 approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its hebw bmjj7ziupv092;x(ight changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets th mcm u-0pe::h,i3e6 xxcwwhg:at are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before :0g -w6cm3h:,w p ehmcxxu:eiit is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atz.kf4g (qjk uxj43 4wvmk3ud - 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in vosdo. (lafwo4 .i vpl9+lume if it is heavw. iol(.ls49po af +dted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled tos0) eo( qwin dj+,b3hu the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of tua4 cw7-a u:)rtb 0 ,dbexuz)water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iroxm;(s s0.xc4ifciqv7 n. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can.c o rv7oa:n7x expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansiooxno c7ar v7.:n is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change okuz:1w xa-xm l+,a,vo d/1hkv)dbh+in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linea8n w9y6-uvzqrtz3i ; br expz 8w3vb;uintqr 6yz -9ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic so8fza :u w*uxx38lycy 2lid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect 5a128dvq e ciwtime at 1cvw 5e a82qd1i7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Th8l,y7hsjq*hio b6e m :e bul ,7y8* s j6oihlqembh:b has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is l wo z7epe9 bo-54*j vurd6 -uo3zdj0urotating about its axle 5079oe*jwu4de z3d-j rp6olbz vuuo-on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 1ql1bjw2f2 f*vckf0x/5°C. How much stress is required to keep it *fvcwjxf21 f 02 q/klbat this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectgct)4 tc 36r-q4k2d x .damsjxional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm 34hyrdno5it6 at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin s:3c7h n/nwb,7lml gmncale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on t;cc; bm0v/ddche Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in tav 8ubd,t23wqq7 kxso1,y 7f 1)iygbahe interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, airz,we gfr jxpj y-aw5)q5*e* o: at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of )apzw:foq5-e*gjw*yxrj 5e,about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at ST9a14efgce7/e y *lwf:wvl b7xP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containk-7 d uogvu6j0a*,ixs s 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP conta,1cx9juqh7q h ins 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliuh flw5h882vzi m gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L c04n(wyw uk0p3 u tfx2z j(mj)kontainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Kntjzu0(0fk u(pk x) wm3y4 2jw?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0gsicqd l3+2af3djlav)) ,g( b x42phl kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insi lqr 8;6wdm8rq7 ;pcjgde the balloon, which makes it less d;7; pjrr886qldcw q mgense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wityca yv( lm f/ss0u m((*22bpiyh air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18. xitr9zqw2+4r 69 vzna0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level as uz iz/:xk83nnd 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number i;t)igpum0r + of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are thec*q9z -jlcz uy)o )j c-mauod+ cn(g14re in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mlcics3k rq5,na5 ,7fb oles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume)*llxw rrp53tdke zjl04-nv5 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are5q* 0ukpn 95phpcgy9 k in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere u c5 pqyk9nk g5ph9*p0is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translatifh ,*3o y9kxwconal kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? yc 9h3ok* xwf,   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun a7 xloxf*li86rdxf :x(t a temperatur*6 o:ixxd(xx f78lrfle of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase i/u-4tpde4*66.swqe taz2gyc h jr kn5f the temperature is/2nw*pyr 44jea eks.q hu56-gtct 6dz increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followingh)o9tls1;z cy speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, lz1syt )ch9o;7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules i9xp/g mv8 ja6xn a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is heldjpr,5+n: 9jocnee c on:cd6a; constant, by what factor does+ 5e;rn6 oce:a ccnoj n:j9d,p $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gai;*h 5e p0gmrms is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of 8y8x7mzu h ;9y snf -ybn;xci(two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to thyz-b8 uy xn( hy8f 7;;nics9xme inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogt4mi.x kx 9p7gen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moleculdolsf ,-r,o u+e at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules u/j6nldshu m1r-i o bi ,,z.cm(hy+n/ at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino ac /()u1kedb q6sa ehck*q0qg.kid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livin0)ku.ebq gkskda/ 6c *qq1(e hg cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of appl og2 0c j+uhid4/tb7(u 1hkz(5vekzbm3 ,t gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ur,gs;yb e2 e.fpw1h (nig9yk6 manium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phasxn+jdo qa 5wq** sty63-nt :hges can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the 72ynevie1ox l:b)hb e/ k4.tm 0cnfd,temperature is (a) ,h2m1one tni v 7e0y)f.kce l4dbbx :/90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day w9hr8x lp5) ab yd/:*dpqwjy) hhen the temperature is pp5rh dj hl)y/ 9xb:*8 wd)qay25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wherel 0/d4t8ewuq9p lxk2 v water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular;47-- imo9ixtdp ,ljgi mrjr: e:w4 uf place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature-p:lxri u-me j4mw4 ,t79;iigdfr :j o at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of .3mkqpece,59 0bjp rewater is 530 Pa and the relative huepq0 .j9 er5,3bekpcm midity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperw8d+2bar:r)ib u,c ne8off o 9ature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure i, (dq k)u fogzhjqj 2ae;o7n07nside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at;( z2g , )07dehuj okn7fqqjoa a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6 uaqtxk2e*-- ( cx**ktqky)0np ap:zd80$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of5yg+cjmvr 8ph8 dh8cf1tb k9y)mtn 8* 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycinkxx)m00 ;jjetzdn5 7sb ki9v +e molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distan09 m 5b xn+;v7ktsje 0i)kjzdxce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes 2(peimud a9/:zz jb3 dcalled tracheae. b/ z(mzpiudd ae :32j9An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratedisqr9nu+gyg sj 2 : +e2.ss(wm at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2090ns kk+j)cz g1pym08 +/jl smtlwfl($^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How mrooum 7ba18 ,nuch error will b barn7mo8 1o,ue made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinde pg79ja)b3ir cr is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decc r7g)3a pij9breased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, g1 8;lfw(jp*fr1q0)gyjiv rpwidth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is iq0wf* gjj);lrp vy11p( g fr822$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about pi;v 6kad3pn6one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum technique 7am+ x5re-h5oxvut1 gvb.s8bs is about.-v at b1r gm58b7ox+5evuhsx $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 Lk rmct 8q wz h236ju/wnxs,9+u when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs sx2,3 uz r8nmhuwjt+/cqw69 k expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a sxcun3lg5 vm8emal 1:6peed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a ca mengl:vux831 6l m5bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fromo0z(p 4 t:djen5n8 fvg 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o)+.nw.3 vnvthd 2ju*ui 8b(goidc 6pbf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric jr uwrr2dgb:6 ;e66nn pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molrrunng662rj : e6 b;dwecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecu;sq hk52o6cbwles contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000bcqj- v35p4 fgj8; cpm psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259Kfcjv 5; gb3m4c-pp8jq How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of li 3zvrb4 /zm1k. z+1k oa8cybevquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol)t*jfm2: z ukltfs 38tine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earthvgq*-s yc2-/:d s.hl 9zlggt 4q8gu.wszmnk7’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glaz-hjoh(9w1o+fwd 7x,pm4 lw p ss jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ade: -a,vc dbui(l;2-ewx kyc;r opted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully (kiiac - 0 s.+k/pervccharged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the*1pk ) f *kl hsid4+a5ytju 8lwj(z;mu Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown verti-u8 ryw uc e/1h.xmbn0cally upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid ela x8 w1b./-uhe0 ycumnrstically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diat7;uaqhe*m)2:xsak5k qzfe / meter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperatfe2qsetqah; * 7/)5kzuxka:mure is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the folloti5li hp+zh-3/)dd+ wmqeb (qwing two days: ih bpelmqt d5+zh/w d)q i-+(3
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of frxc), iq -a5 o65oujniron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature x q) ,oiuac -on5jr56fis 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to shovwe 6: h-osr2lw that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the2:ov- 6e hwslr coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.