Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kj-l-ao73fq0o zzn a- mg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appen3n -lf-0za qam-7j ozodix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a tl /it m37vii6bze ektqcq6 5d*p pm147hermometer7d1qziett6kqpvp /7 i5 6ml eb c*mi43.

Which is larger, 1 C .8(( y9jmuw.kk namcm$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equiliksw1+ hj8wz01vi+o o n( zepy-brium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrie s1n-( i pwh wo+j81vok0z+zyum with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a s87*b0gl5y ( o;hancg9(tnf ;es djlst trip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Whs;gb((h*l;5tdy9njl s 7gte ac n0o8fich metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansior+ ywp5awwy7pn(pu hk )35j.2s na8n rn $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermosox-+*,:11s obhh t1 teky nbsltat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow thb kb1:,e- xno l1t*1hyts+o so touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes thatw bj,v )yiy/)j are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why?/)j , wbiyyj)v

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at 0 0;ccyh5) c erh$^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first p x*/lvpw2-amd laced in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explap*mv 2lwx -/dain.

A glass container may break if one 8kal,v+ox vw- o,l0;axd 3y j7oji8 wapart of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than y,kl3d-x v;v0 x,l+7aowj io8o jaw 8aadjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linea1 bhf t*3b.g)pax,8naw h 3pjcr expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise. 18j bpha3pnthb)gwac3 *fx , to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cl5bw yo;gs(z tbcr5 .o:ock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top tr9b ym5.dme /ho bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happenedmy 9. medr/bh5?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, b 7g-ssyu e+:qky pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when the uss:+e7y kq-gy strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere subme6 u+sryc ,hjp4 6/qe uu0wpxe,rged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 20 +quuy ,hpec/,srj xe06 up6w 4$^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows frv.kd j ede4.ho9p +ffpcij +l; nu0l/0om kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the al4h0k. def9pjj+;+/ oud. pe0 cfnlvibsolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac3b/ j jejiz u+f:2ik,a5n7aat’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in theo* lglnxt*67ptlf5o+ Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speedcyy)*f)ct r aasq9 .k; an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically yk9syc. fc);)rtqa*ano atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. dbu:6 go5 m7e7v9 bebl5xh,yzWhat can you infer about the molecular properties of one lodbb5,5:v7xmhg6y ebe uz79relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortabhw 9o.gwp4uir y,ajisln6epc4.)d6 , le than a hot dry day at the samdwrpph lsn, 4u4j6c., a)6gi9 iy.owee temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tp: e cgxw.b9uv )z2y6hemperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity iwe4m 5d8x ka gvd53s7rs different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? dv3dxe g s7 mra85w45kExplain.

Explain why it is dangeryss-2p3h jfryfo*v626 t ia9sous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile-fho 693 ji*spft s2ryva2s6y engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?*qu/7 q+rjl7umx1 pmk

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper p/awn;ebtsz8+an 7h2 dknjau1- vcb ; (enny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms m6jy8c +xgm+u in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver cg+jm6ym8+ xuring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is o2yt on;dy d(xv2+ dx)aften taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?+x y o2vy;ddt (2nxda)   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperat)--qwf+el 8 w:k jalsfn5t dc9ures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass the70 ; qzk;nxxje9n r;ghrmometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0kh0r;xnz9 g7q;;xjne $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs:jk o )ih b z1qd:arc7(bo3xl8 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300r7b1 .b; lhig sh5yxt: m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 7ir 5s;b :xth.by gh1l25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole sq q:,i9leq6q are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually i qqqi6,el:s9q n dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 t;kmpi n0,k. w$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volumeq h/z6tgtyf+;c. 5stm if it i5+ zgyc ;s.t6th/f qtms heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brimhuf vl-5.,bxao)b dvi) qz 5rf,j 0tj1 with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55fcgvwvz a ;3 c093cjjxx fl6.4f6s. ih.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made o ;qaqd-gqxaq 15 ri3ki;ui4j:-l-a rgf iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expab8k11ckegvu ko02:w j nd in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansionwv 0:o kk1eu2j1g8cbk $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in th2itgxs9 nmz-zp+ *ry 1e density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate off1fh tyf,u3 t7 length l and width w has coefficient of linear exp yht17f,ffu 3tansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solif ;: ocwf8p;qcd, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather cl4i*q6kh4(x oyfodq 6y hn7e5jock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1kn*7oq466eq yhhdx 5j( fi4oy 7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercuryw7: 81v+lj)iml sjbq d thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volum l1+7sqvbmij)l: j dw8e of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41)2*b.bx7n,(rhh;h w sm xlfnx m is rotating about its axle on fri .h* x;l)7,2bn(xswxhh fbrmnctionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is r. ehg+c7juztr 4/ 9gerequired to keep it at this length if the temperature increases toc/r u 94r.7+zegethjg 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross t0v/ zzd;n9jb47gxnbcw8 r9n 0zesw7-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm,8bj nq1xj 9 rz1alv1e:nzc, v at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followingpm) gka6 cw) bfesyr )o4q*3yfqr::b) temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tem1+ 5 eulo1axzlperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are hl. .r, xveyl*about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and lux3e mco px 3;fx67+qfe*jaw9 c j;-oa temperature of6e 37afc;+e-x9oq3p*lmwuj; oc x xjf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density ob9ls:g2 mh5 khf oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of n4:6 ; tebgeuejitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contp 51)y6h0 tdunf+rg iqains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas i2iw4. glf1tw os at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container hp(x9nh 26hkvf olding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 389v26nh fkph (x5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o8cqw /-np7zdx6/x) yrwp cnp )f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the4 *3v93m) h iy*ebe;yvgzvdby balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balliv 93ym*b;3vg)v ybhez dy *e4oon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wit8ictt9+ kp9 m4;zghlvh air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18)p *qk;z czp/b.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child/hg5ytsbza3qez *w3qc9 w9 7.smsz/h’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / x l.+5 hidai1s$m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 Lkia (0fb :,kzr? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,babn myxc syy(,,dciy);j* )fw8 5s /r    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum3 oj 93)v5q qhorylc:(8yaeiae 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are i (n-y,jirbgvq2;/1tmq w k/zdn each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breatg /kn2j/ qy-bmviq, w dz(;rt1h Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an ox)c4hwzjc:1xftrp1+ 6z eo32huz o q6dygen molecule at STP f2o3xcp z1+tr4h qz1e6:w 6j)cduoh z?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms nea3lz9acg36.ofdiqk5l g *r 1qur the surface of the Sun at a temperature of a1l5i*qkg dr3lfo 69. u zcg3aqbout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase i 5s99vrjw1-uzjb oyx3f the temperature is increased3 j 5y9svxb rwz1o9-uj from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given inwi,, ko u7,g 5vojhk,y units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms sp5,iowg ho k,ku7yjv,, eed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 2/mg2( y.wonidp vl8j5 0.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by wh4)d fv365h m(q3h zsxe9w2pqhow ms5sat factor does p54d w 3qwmx2h hsh9fe(qosz)3m65sv$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a (tqjm:afn2 4u+ar w(o gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixturelte tei;,3x,b 6fge at hy5j.-qv7(4yvp ac0h of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms shlv qx6g.4;,eat e0yji(eyt-3tc h b5v ,a7fppeeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an ipse ,2ogxtdt. bc-/)8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rm0qncvjp mv 8*z3.l1yp s speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mole5rqa4 gw3 7*m r 4jyuuoh-zeo-cules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mw 2(4ci0r rmllus si2sf0-uu/ass is 89 u in a living cels02 ul0liiuu2m rcs(4wr-s/f l at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writtes. 0gv ;jz fe.8uex2z2 km6mpkn P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium: oc/r9*h:l znigr vy ia,+c*w, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric press cs(a(l4. b a*bxbmp01 dt3oee;lyo+jure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure iaq fj2wddv 99*3d6y4 ndtia 4ds 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9tai9 fdvw6y2nadd4 dq 3d4*j9 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on ag:x*n9b .a vxqwje. j6w-ij8m day when the temperature is jq -w bvng: a6ixjw*exj9 m8..25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where w-alezx46c+r sbc m) ,qater boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure atjky6zypfb,mzv6i5m*e a ,j;2 a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at wb y ev6zmfmj ,;ay5*26iz kjp,hich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when thl .g-:z *:i f3jnjmkuz*nod:jxx2d i3e partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the rodx3l:jk:u n *z:-* z. m2 digj3jfnixelative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial prhn(dpu-7sf w24i 3kl r.cpmr 7essure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is ox9ne 6sbv85uboiling at a temperature ou5bo9nx 86vse f 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumedkht..;tzc0h28 uf bk mdlx80 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point o:3f) zcxrtp i 6uv3yw1f 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glyci j 2zfn23nn*hpne molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 1* f3nn2hnp2zj 5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insecpsuv(necx/v ic/bxz5j +d1 l,-7c .r 8z)gepets to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trac5psz(g bj1+ 7c/zc-vc.x,p8 )nuvx/ li reedehea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated 8tbiisz :/j:raa/9 7ujraibtr -u19mat 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measu nzx 8-ft.:6,dkma tuure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup wxh4 .leg4t 1nlas calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipl41n xtglh .e4e calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many x)(;cd d qflwbor:(.) o d.m): izrhpdballoons have been blown up, the gauge pressur moq dhwdifb)xo.)d;.:)c:(zd(rlr pe has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, widtzf8q8+k w9 ,ftgg abf4h 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temp9zkt ff, fb gw4+8a8qgerature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about oneu b;ptbhh,cn36g 6un3 atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure a t6al5h9 ;iyqj-/ys g 8*znheettainable using the best available vacuum techniques is about8;e5ynyjg aqz9*6l /hti he-s $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m be*4 mvrgip8e j3 i14q(eh0ptbwlow the su0ei wbg *eq 8r43(1mi p4vtpjhrface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon 0xitws(6 h :oventers Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of sp 0wx(i:sv to6hecial materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gk 8i69 czxm.a2bqirca qf9;s ;as is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume yktp1d.r m:oz58dbw2 of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosf0:qf/us,n 7ntma8 adpheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the E0dan ,n 8stm:q7u faf/arth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containedv 61eje8cxe/v in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygens-yh0kr5 fw lghd)z1f/,a3 tq used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flowh yk 5st,3dw) fg-al/01qfrhz rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquij31 r hp6gnuz-uxyc9 7d mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline +2kcibt8o it+w itpr q;2( a4mat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to ihy5p(8rhsf74 vv *xlfit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 20ce(h 0w/ik q5r$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length staa p0rn*4./l v v95 mrzfrzfp9rndard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fulbm;bll-mx;f(fw+ d4s ly charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is (rk8*p7,2p t2mmve0;u2pnbln t ree z$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended againso831 tyd 9n6junyy:em3jsl9k* a tvd3t gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elasnklj9 :8yseot39yd *1 3ja vtu3ny6md tically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble *sbwjs3j *m* r.i til9of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is *li * *mij.9ssjb3rwt the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in t-yq3hjw0ovg6cgiv /u1/ : ldp he air on the following two days: lu-: cwjhq/yi/v1ggpdo3 v0 6
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent dif 6s3 r ukd5r26qt4 7ppo;8ep: jo w0aimvlon*mference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the io p24oradnvw:mu;0 7 3k *8eqpr6m6ptlo 5s jtemperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas he e o7tox b)qt,ke+8(j-mm d0at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to (h+ej7o)80d- t ,xqmbte ok me$\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.