What is the best defini ro2ou tte j0y5.t+9jttion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of )8l7sf +ukc eqRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factcj1(rodda9ys q9 4w d.or 2;Fad9rw 4yc o.ddj1s(9q actor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve 22g;v9 rjzushcad9+nof a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma species o ;tmu9 piz3ep svc*4x86i:j h



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe ax2h-rndy 1g+ /onew- cb9uvn7 nd has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animbod-w+yux7nr nh9v 2nge c-1/ als and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms im,u 4 y aye(hk4-d:hjcs a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Caysy /5nug2n h*nis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolfn*/s uhgy2y 5n may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflecd .x+ vpgppj/(wm.7 klts the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dep3opik.g3 (m sv1eq:fad plants and anima(ofv p13:3 esmpi.kqgls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foodfq b4b ixxmb9d4w 1y+6 chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kilq2*gfx,pw ad,) uwx)vler whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each x)g xqdwwf2*u v ,a),pother in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemsjnx3eqp7(00u4c kq5g,wbug v c 9e;bt.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high produw1 6jrv),erh9z4 lkp dctivity, despite infertile soils. The gdv6 9)wze4,jk lrh1rprowing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a :a0 yly95izwec: ygw 5food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundine4;ki1pu7 cz; xfmzul3.tp v.gs. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, ancz.pft3zi.xel u1u mk4v7;;pd the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sf,* (/o0p meuj ollvkj14j 8mcg/ s*fiystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids ofx l7054 h1fqtirc3g op energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1;6++ib1 diaxky yk-) hw pj6y4w Factor 2 and awydk6 +j1 x yby4 hiw+p6-k)iFactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperaturena8aa7 h oc);d1y wq4jf3tex+s

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatie)u9ofwme, 1als9;ygri)a 2 n on system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe bo4:a;rr c8p aand has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and fernob:r a;c4ra8p s and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of;g,l 3m+sym kqx. m6bt energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wed .gvr.7s*hbr b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon ; ,fv7jfhdmnl pf(9 m *t*akp0compounds pd*kvm*la h9 ,pjffpn0f ;m t(7roduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemic w9p.0d1nueqf /krk d 3ulh5+scqzu*0 al reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the oceani6hl c;ka (md.mqob(8*tvo(x


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms bes- an etgbc7krm9/o a+-t describes organisms like earthworms that inges -t/-baroecm7k+ng9 a t and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid oi3 r( w f5o3t(zb+tzvqf numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitqwrf:3o)0lxk z a ;uu*ies of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodipheny z 6op7.cwnw2ni 3fy*ultrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using u0ba* yle,t.o a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which inclu le*u0bao.y,t ded algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the followinxoe n(,h/pu 4rg is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sys:bna4)s;d.7 zepio o+eo ec, qfs-6latem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in wd8;o-vz , r f5p5bncgfood chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of4.e mdt by/4zny*jn+c n5 ,evd ajd/g7 bio jdm cegdn 45n4/ ,dyy/zentbj.*v a+7mass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enitqa)n +*xgd1f x. +d0 x//zfocky7irm c/ w3pergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing p8se bmsafg 11noj 3)4vzp5a1 productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinea6po2:5plet s food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soiavmsgy p 5e; p5k,u5f9l ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does a/ yah38x gqtb mz*l))li 9isdk.5in6not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could ew q/r;4ju2e8jjt8uiw;e gqj /xist in a savannah system with parasites orjui/8;4qjj g/2;wew 8q je tun a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis apyjaw -qqxc ua:;3 )tcw/tyn+s/2-dx nd respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis ansj):32xnx /+c/ cpq w;y-dtyutaaqw - d Respiration?

  Identify the statemeo-3ffeey--)c 3xc5nnzf is h 9u;wo/v nts that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fw rog1- ew3m,2t7:wix3n gon jrom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that conqo 4eo(d6y ;sxverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratsye;6q4x( dooes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbv(nw7 v0( g /baz6wylbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 6(yg0w nvwb/l7( zabv
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle thhm(9 dbrjjo jp.z e2q.u*fl -,at requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem /0r/ 5* lgb(ln z9qrq :z1jzevd per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true,ie;p:h ;prjpgfi5- n.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be ca4e2nqq wu .2a(b+wo 1d/oyexvlculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carba5j fd5e39 4iqqy 3q0sqy h4fmon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throughpmdq(93 etmar*8:nfb the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in a7zqx hvkfrnnmdx/ hhr0+9518 n ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in 25s rdr-c(j kna terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying ba) q0ykfwmpxl*x0 u 4o,cteria.

  Identify which of the following ish 05nvg8w5s g hx*(/icaawcda3 j1 ,y(pgg;ze not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyc;5 53/0ag1 xg8gpjach(ygz,wed hn v*c(wsiale.

  Figure: Average per capb l7iia/5i y*pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in d t3rl5 5ew7pxaetm *1biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a cw5al 3x1t5e* pm rtde7limax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the follow3oz2yx p iz-y;2dch1qrt/9 kk ing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capi( 2yl*18z dmlt1tv;taedn 1u ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles withf8 d8su nquotbfx4mqvw9: l), a3-k k. an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bot-:qu btns,3mqdxkaf488 )v lw fo .ku9tles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages o*l3 gus0k;bsf 83x ui& annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020 9qbopj :7z4ms


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bi-qt +:zji8 dnp;p xn2u:vd or+ome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of 5sw 4zqi(tpnzl; b*x 0Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonamu3+;byaz2zr/;xk ss tion’’by choosing one or more statements from the fo s/ z3;yux2bar+kzsm; llowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. :b5ev a2k/ha h,hr 9aiqoair1 30sg:aList the main factors that characterize tga59 r: akh 3eavr:0,b/aho2a1siqhihe terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a xrv9k-0vje sz te-+rkk15q03qvf;hk description of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related eh3l-m-ct es/to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy/cp.t8z en7qw95+ x qovn f1ki


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productzzb c1 fl.c(8qivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes .1l qcz(zcb8f


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversit r/yqte8 v 4b)*ss-ezxy, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commu4t)s ryqv bexz /8*-senity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correyh7yh,kx 3 rd/ct in describing the changes in productivity during primaryyh7yh /,xrkd3 succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchil kk7dj.7s:a r disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of pj zs/rdh-)b9v dz -b,fyq;2xlhotosynthez/b,;x2qbfd-rzv9 -h d) l yjssis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in aziy(5 8hmpa 5z field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of ins7j:7px ); 0d+cxinj- /qbm f wv+tvnnvect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next dam 7jf 0pcwj)vt +qix-vv;/+nndx:7n by the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it isfu9j5mx*fi( x important to take multiple readings of the mi (xf5x9*uf jsame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecolok 0ku6b,zl+e hcli/a,pf + t.rgical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow C y):n;ucz6/8n/b xudg)ivf wtreek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for s8s.i229xrhddm-pd y zpecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the fo/(uw61p xu ofyllowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (movinfxp 6/w1u(ou yg) specimens.